Main engineering colleges throughout Karnataka

This list is accurate as of 2005. As of 2006 the colleges under CET changed drastically. More information on the current state of affairs is available on the official site of the CET (See Below)

RVCE, Bangalore

PESIT, Bangalore

BMSCE, Bangalore

SJCE, Mysore

MSRIT, Bangalore

NIE, Mysore

Nitte Mahalinga Adyanthaya Memorial Institute Of Technology, Nitte

BIT, (Bangalore Institute of Technology)

JSSATE, Bangalore

UVCE, Bangalore

SDM, Dharwad (Sri Dharamastala Manjunatheswara)

SIT, Tumkur (Siddaganga)

MVIT (Sir. M.Visweswaraiah Institute of Technology)

Karnataka Law Society Gogte Institute Of Technology, Belgaum

KSIT, Bangalore

Vidya Vardaka College of Engg, Mysore

DSCE (Dayanada Sagar), Bangalore

AIT (Ambedkar), Bangalore

Colleges accepting CAT scores

Many colleges in India accept the CAT scores for admission. Some of the more prominent ones are:
S.P.Jain Institute of Management and Research (SPJIMR), Mumbai
Management Development Institute (MDI), Gurgaon
Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad (MICA), Ahmedabad
National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai
International Management Institute (IMI), New Delhi
T.A.Pai Management Institute (TAPMI), Manipal
Fore School of Management (FSM), New Delhi
Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad
National Insurance Academy's School of Management (NIASoM), Pune

Sun Microsystems
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



Type   Public (NASDAQ: SUNW)   
Founded   1982   
Headquarters   Santa Clara, California, USA   
Key people   Scott McNealy, Chairman
Jonathan I. Schwartz, President and CEO
Crawford W. Beveridge, Executive Vice President, People and Places, and CHRO
Greg Papadopoulos, Executive Vice President and CTO   
Industry   Computer hardware, software   
Products   computer servers and workstations and supporting software, Java language, and more   
Revenue   US$11.07 billion (2005)[2]   
Operating income   US$377.0 million (2005)[2]
(-4.9% operating margin [1])   
Net income   US$107.0 million (2005)[2]
(-4.4% profit margin [1])   
Employees   31,000 (2005)[1]   
Website   www.sun.com   

Sun Microsystems, Inc. (NASDAQ: SUNW) is a vendor of computers, computer components, computer software, and information-technology services, founded in 1982. It is headquartered in Santa Clara, California (part of Silicon Valley), on the former west campus of the Agnews Developmental Center.

Sun is known as the developer of innovative technologies such as the Java platform and NFS, and as a champion of open systems in general and UNIX in particular; it has recently emerged as one of the leading proponents of open source software. Its products include computer servers and workstations based on its own SPARC and AMD's Opteron processors, storage systems, and a suite of software products including the Solaris Operating System, developer tools, Web infrastructure software, and identity management applications. Sun's manufacturing facilities are located in Hillsboro, Oregon and Linlithgow, Scotland.


Brief history

The initial design for what became Sun's first Unix workstation was conceived by Andy Bechtolsheim when he was a graduate student at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. He originally designed this "68000 Unix system" for the communications project Stanford University Network, building it from spare parts resourced from the Department of Computer Science [1] and Silicon Valley supply houses.[2] The first Sun workstations ran a Version 7 Unix System port by Unisoft on 68000 processor-based machines.[3]

In February 1982, Bechtolsheim, fellow Stanford graduate students Vinod Khosla and Scott McNealy, and Bill Joy (a primary developer of BSD), founded the company now known as Sun Microsystems.

The company name is derived from the initials for Stanford University Network, also reflected in the company's stock symbol, SUNW, which now stands for Sun Worldwide.

Other Sun luminaries include early employees John Gilmore and James Gosling. Sun was an early advocate of Unix-based networked computing, promoting TCP/IP and especially NFS, as reflected in the company's motto "The Network Is The Computer". James Gosling led the team which developed the Java programming language. Most recently, Jon Bosak led the creation of the Extensible Markup Language specification at W3C.

Apple

Apple Certification refers to the certification programs designed to create a high level of technical proficiency among Macintosh service technicians, helpdesk support, technical support, system administrators and professional users. Apple certification exams are offered at Prometric testing centers and Apple Authorised Training Centres.

Focusing specifically on Account Management and Deploying Mac OS X Server, this comprehensive reference provides in-depth information on Mac OS X Server's technical architecture. System administrators, IT professionals, and Mac enthusiasts will learn the details of how to deploy Mac OS X Server within a multiplatform, heterogeneous environment, and how to manage Mac OS X Server accounts. This is the second of two volumes certified by Apple Computer. Following the learning objectives of the Apple Certified System Administrator exam, this book is a perfect supplement to Apple's own training class and an in-depth technical reference for existing system administrators and engineers.

These certifications are designed for IT professionals who support Mac OS X or who perform Mac OS X desktop support and troubleshooting. This include helpdesk staff, systems administrator, srevice technicians and service desk personnel.

Apple Certified Help Desk Specialist (ACHDS)

This certification is created for helpdesk, service technicians, technical staff, and others who support Mac OS X clients or who perform Mac OS X troubleshooting and support in businesses, educational institutions and large enterprises.

Required Courses:

* Mac OS X Support Essentials v10.4 (Prometric exam: #9L0-401)


Apple Certified Technical Coordinator (ACTC)

This certification is design for entry-level system administrators who provide helpdesk support to Mac OS X users, as well as maintain the Mac OS X Server platform.

Required Courses:

* Mac OS X Support Essentials v10.4 (Prometric exam: #9L0-401)
* Mac OS X Server Essentials v10.4 (Prometric exam: #9L0-507)


Apple Certified System Administrator (ACSA)

This certification is catered for system administrators managing large multiplatform IT networks using Mac OS X Server and other Apple technologies. The ACSA program has been changed to offer individual more flexibility and is now focused on individual job functions. Each passed exam earns a specialization certificate and a specific number of credits toward ACSA certification, which requires a total of 7 valid (unexpired) credits.

Required Courses:

* Security Best Practices v10.4 (Prometric Exam #9L0-612)
* Directory Services Integration and Administration v10.4 (Prometric exam #9L0-611)
* Mac OS X Deployment v10.4 (Prometric exam #9L0-609)
* Xsan Administration v1.1 (Prometric Exam #9L0-610)


Hardware Certifications

These certifications are designed for individuals interested in becoming Macintosh desktop service technicians, helpdesk, desktop support, or Macintosh consultants who need all round experience in servicing hardware such as desktop macs and laptops.


Apple Certified Desktop Technician (ACDT)

This certification is designed for individuals interested in becoming Macintosh desktop service technicians, but also very useful for helpdesk officers, desktop support officers and others needing a comprehensive understanding of how Apple desktop operates.

Required Courses:

* Apple Desktop Service (Prometric exam #9L0-004)
* Mac OS X 10.4 Service and Support (Prometric exam #9L0-060)

OR

* Mac OS X Support Essentials v10.4 (Prometric exam #9L0-401)

Apple Certified Portable Technician (ACPT)

This certification is designed for individuals interested in becoming Macintosh portable service technicians, but also valuable for technical support staff, reseller service personnel who deal and maintain Macintosh portable hardware on a daily basis.

Required Courses:

* Apple Portable Service Exam (Prometric exam #9L0-206)
* Mac OS X 10.4 Service and Support (Prometric exam #9L0-060)

OR

* Mac OS X Support Essentials v10.4 (Prometric exam #9L0-401)

Citrix Systems
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Citrix)

It has been suggested that Orbital Data be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)



Citrix logo.

Citrix Systems NASDAQ: CTXS is a U.S. technology company, based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with subsidiary operations in the UK, Australia and India. Citrix is primarily a software company, but does have a hardware offering since its acquisition of Net6 in late 2004 and of NetScaler/Teros in 2005. Citrix offers a suite of products that are intended to provide secure access to applications and content from a wide range of clients.

Early History

Citrix was founded in 1989 by ex-IBM developer Ed Iacobucci. Citrix was originally called Citrus but needed to change its name after an existing company claimed trademark rights. Many of the original founding members were from the IBM OS/2 project. Ed's vision was to build OS/2 with multi-user support. IBM was not interested in this idea so Ed decided to leave to form his own company. There were two other founders besides Ed but the other two left before Citrix became successful. The first office was in Richardson, Texas, but moved shortly thereafter to Coral Springs, Florida. The company's first product was Citrix MULTIUSER, which was based on OS/2. Citrix licensed the OS/2 source from Microsoft instead of asking IBM. Citrix hoped to capture part of the UNIX market by making it easy to deploy text-based OS/2 applications. This original thinking did not pan out and it was necessary to re-adjust the plans. Citrix spent much more time listening to what customers wanted and WinView was a result of that change. It was Citrix's first successful product. It came at a dark time in 1993 when it looked like the company would not survive. WinView changed the tide and providing remote access to DOS and Windows 3.1 applications on a multi-user platform proved to address many customer concerns. Microsoft licensed the source code of NT to Citrix, and in 1995 Citrix began to sell WinFrame, a stand-alone system based on Windows NT 3.51 (MultiWin).


IPO

Citrix went public in December 1995 as CTXS on NASDAQ. Citrix stock doubled the first day. Many Citrix employees did very well that day. Options now meant something. With the success of WinFrame and the momentum behind Windows NT 3.51, the future of Citrix looked bright. It is important to mention that Citrix had licensed all of NT 3.51 and made changes to make it multi-user. Citrix was shipping a full but different version of NT 3.51 and calling it WinFrame. The core work was done by just a few engineers over the period of about 1/2 years.


Microsoft deal and early relationship

Early in 1997, Citrix was again threatened by the very success it was having. Microsoft no longer wanted Citrix to ship its own version of NT. Microsoft wanted this task (multi-user Windows NT) in house. The stock plummeted and people were very worried about the future. Microsoft was threatening to do the work on their own independent of Citrix and Microsoft withdrew the license to NT 4.0 from Citrix. Microsoft did invest into its own solution and formed two teams. The first was an in-house solution and the second was from an acquisition of a France based company named Prologue. The result was inadequate due to the graphics subsystem being moved into the kernel in NT 4.0. Microsoft was only able to demonstrate up to 5 users with its solution while Citrix could demonstrate upwards of 180 users. This was due to the work of John Richardson who invented Session Space. Session space helps isolate and share a range of kernel memory between user sessions in the same manner as user mode processes do. This can be found as patents #6,023,749 and #5,913,230 in the US Patents Database.

Later negotiations led to Microsoft agreeing to license Citrix technology for Windows NT Server 4.0, resulting in Windows Terminal Server Edition. Citrix felt pressured to either sell or die. If it could not release WinFrame 2.0 based on the NT 4.0 source license, there was no future for Citrix in this space. Citrix agreed not to ship a competing product but retained a set of "enterprise-level functionality" which it could sell as an extension to Microsoft's products. This add-on was initially sold under the name 'MetaFrame.' This complementary relationship continued into the Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003 eras, with Citrix offering Metaframe XP and Presentation Server. The core technology that Microsoft did not buy was the ICA protocol. Microsoft bought another company to provide the backbone of the RDP (T.share) protocol that they currently use. Many rumors passed through Citrix that Microsoft had considered buying Citrix but by this point Citrix was too big (capitialization) and Microsoft was being too closely watched for anti-trust.


Ed's Departure and Mark Templeton's resignation and return

By 2001, the tension felt between Ed Iacobucci and the driving forces of the company became too great. Ed was effectively "selected" to leave the company he had started. His founding vision was strong enough to sustain the company for many years and even after he had left. Unfortunately Citrix never found another person to fill his role. He is now the founder of DayJet based in Delray Beach, Florida.

Most of Citrix's success can be attributed to Citrix MetaFrame, which is now called Citrix Presentation Server. Citrix now has many more products and aims to provide complete access for the full range of computer use in enterprise business. This covers the range all the way from the user's workstation up to the servers providing the remote applications. It also includes providing access for an Internet-based service that allows running remote meetings and accessing remote machines.

At the same time that Ed left Citrix the CEO Mark Templeton stood aside. The search for a new CEO to replace Mark began. In an odd twist the search was headed by Mark Templeton himself. Ultimately, a replacement was not found and Templeton returned as CEO. This period of the company's history was marked by a rapidly declining stock price (from over $120 USD to around 5 dollars).


Recent acquisitions and history

In December of 2003, Citrix acquired Expertcity of Santa Barbara, CA (founded 1997), developer of the Web-hosted portable desktop product GoToMyPC and online meeting platform GoToMeeting for $225 million, half cash and half stock.[1]. In November 2004, and June 2005, Citrix bought two San Jose, CA, companies, Net6[2] and Netscaler,[3] for a total of $350 million in cash and stock. This let Citrix diversify into the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Virtual Private Network (VPN) market space and into Application Delivery solutions. Additionally, Citrix is a business partner of Microsoft and is developing products that will link directly into the Microsoft Active Directory Domain Security Model.

In May 2006 Citrix completed the acquisition of Reflectent, giving them a product in the end-point management/monitoring market and then in August they acquired Orbital Data in order to enter the WAN optimization market.

Citrix products are now widely used in both public and private sectors, although they are often deployed as a tactical rather than a strategic choice. Claimed benefits include reduced direct and indirect costs (TCO), savings on application costs, reduced user downtime, improved user support and security. Citrix was awarded the Microsoft ISV of the Year award in 2005, for the second time in three years. Mark Templeton is the current President and Chief Executive Officer.


Products


Citrix Presentation Server (formerly Citrix MetaFrame)
Citrix Access Gateway (hardware offering based on acquired products from Net6 and NetScaler)
Citrix Password Manager
GoToAssist, GoToMeeting, GoToWebinar, and GoToMyPC
Citrix NetScaler Application Switch, Application Accelerator, and Application firewall
Citrix EdgeSight
Citrix Application Gateway

Red Hat Certification Program
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


The Red Hat Certification Program is Red Hat's professional certification program for Red Hat and general Linux related skills such as system administration on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

The tests are hands-on and involve troubleshooting, installation, and system administration. There are no multiple-choice questions, and everything is done on a live system. Often there is more than one way to configure a service or troubleshoot a problem, and the exam focuses on the end results, not the process that was taken to achieve that result.

The most common and well-known Red Hat certification is the Red Hat Certified Engineer.

Certifications

Red Hat Certified Technician
The entry-level Red Hat Certified Technician (RHCT) certification focuses on single-system administration.
Red Hat Certified Engineer
The Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) program expands the RHCT with a focus on services and security.
Red Hat Certified Architect
The Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA) requires an additional five endorsements to the RHCE that adds an enterprise-level focus. From clustering to deploying systems, these five exams ensure the student can deploy systems at the Enterprise level. Red Hat offers a four-day class for each course that can include the exam on the fifth day.
Red Hat Certified Security Specialist
The Red Hat Certified Security Specialist (RHCSS). This certification includes two endorsement exams from the RHCA plus an SELinux exam. It has been offered since 2005-10-13.

Check Point
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. NASDAQ: CHKP is a software company that is best known for its firewall and VPN products. The company was founded in 1993 in Ramat-Gan, Israel, and has approximately 1400 employees. Check Point development center is located in Israel. They also have offices in Redwood City, California and in the Dallas, Texas area.

Check Point acquired SofaWare Technologies in 1999 and Zone Labs in 2004. In October, 2005, Check Point announced it would acquire Sourcefire, the developers of Snort for $225 million. Both the Department of Defense and the FBI objected to the acquisition due to national security concerns. The acquisition was pending during an investigation by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), but was announced to have collapsed over security concerns related to the "Snort" software which guards some classified U.S. military and intelligence computers. [1] The acquisition has been since withdrawn [2].


Major Products
FireWall-1/VPN-1 Firewall/VPN Software running on open servers and various security appliances, including Nokia
Connectra An SSL-VPN product
Integrity Endpoint Security software
Safe@Office Internet Security Appliance
VPN-1 Edge Internet Security Appliance
InterSpect Internal Network Security Appliance
ZoneAlarm Desktop Firewall
Provider-1 Centralised Management Solution for Check Point Products
Eventia Analyser Security Event Management Software

CompTIA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) is a non-profit trade association, founded in 1982, and is a provider of professional certifications for the information technology industry.

Certificate programs

CompTIA's certification exams themselves are actually administered through Pearson VUE and Prometric testing centers. In addition to certification, CompTIA also provides corporate membership.

Prices

Prices in the United States, as of August 2006:[1]
CompTIA A+: $153.00*
CompTIA CTT+: $218.00*
CompTIA CDIA+: $237.00
CompTIA HTI+: $218.00*
CompTIA i-Net+: $218.00
CompTIA Linux+: $218.00
CompTIA Network+: $218.00
CompTIA Project+: $218.00
CompTIA Security+: $237.00
CompTIA Server+: $218.00
CompTIA RFID+: $237.00

* requires two exams for certification

Cisco Systems
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



Cisco Systems, Inc.
   
Type   Public (NASDAQ: CSCO)   
Founded   1984   
Headquarters   San Jos?, California, USA   
Key people   CEO: John Chambers
Chairman: John Morgridge   
Industry   Telecommunications hardware   
Products   Switches, Routers, Firewalls   
Revenue   $24.801 billion USD (2005)   
Operating income   $7.416 billion USD (2005)   
Net income   $5.741 billion USD (2005)   
Employees   49,926 (2006)   
Website   www.cisco.com   

Cisco Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: CSCO, SEHK: 4333) is a global company headquartered in San Jose, California, that designs and sells networking and communications technology and services under three brands: Cisco, Linksys, and Scientific Atlanta. Initially Cisco manufactured only enterprise multi-protocol routers, but today Cisco's products can be found everywhere from the living room to the enterprise, to service provider networks. These include, but are not limited to:


Ethernet switches
Branch office routers and CPE (Customer Premises Equipment)
IP Telephony products such as IP PBXes (CallManager), VoIP gateways and IP phones
Network security devices such as Firewalls, VPN concentrators, Network and Host Intrusion Prevention and Software
Metro optical switching platforms
Large carrier grade core and edge routers / MPLS switches
Carrier and enterprise ATM switches
Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTSes)
DSL subscriber aggregation / concentration equipment
Remote access and universal gateways
Storage Area Network (SAN) switches and appliances
Network management software and appliances
Wireless [1]
Home networking products (via the Linksys division)
Cable television products (via the Scientific Atlanta division)

Corporate history
 
A Cisco ASM/2-32EM router deployed at CERN in 1987.
 
One of the many buildings on the Cisco Systems campus in San Jose

Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner (Bachelor of Science from California State University, Chico, Masters in Econometrics from Claremont University, Masters in Statistics and Computer Science from Stanford University), a married couple that worked in computer operations staff at Stanford University, founded Cisco Systems in 1984. Bosack adapted multiple-protocol router software originally written by William Yeager, another staff employee who had begun the work years before Bosack arrived from the University of Pennsylvania, where Bosack had received his Bachelor's degree.

While Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell a router (a device that forwards computer traffic from one network to another), it did create the first commercially successful multi-protocol router to allow previously incompatible computers to communicate using different network protocols. As the Internet Protocol (IP) has become a standard, the importance of multi-protocol routing as a function has declined. Today, Cisco's largest routers are marketed to route primarily IP packets and MPLS frames.

In 1990 the company went public and was listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. Bosack and Lerner walked away from the company with $170 million [3], and later divorced.

In late March 2000, at the height of the dot-com boom, Cisco was the most valuable company in the world, with a market capitalisation of more than 500 billion dollars [4][5]. In 2006, with a market cap of about 110 billion dollars , it is still one of the most valuable companies [6].

Using acquisitions, internal development and partnering with other companies Cisco has made inroads into many network equipment markets outside of routing, including Ethernet switching, remote access, branch office routers, ATM networking, security, IP telephony and others. In 2003, Cisco acquired Linksys, a popular manufacturer of computer networking hardware and positioned it as a leading brand for the home and the end user networking market (SOHO).

Cisco has set up "Cisco Networking Academies" in 150 countries aimed at teaching students to design and maintain computer networks.

Cisco provides certifications to professionals in the networking field. These include:
CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert)
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional)
CCDP (Cisco Certified Design Professional)
CCIP (Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional)
CCSP (Cisco Certified Security Professional)
CCVP (Cisco Certified Voice Professional)
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)
CCDA (Cisco Certified Design Associate)
CCSI (Cisco Certified Systems Instructor)

The company has its corporate headquarters in San Jose, California and also many outposts in other countries.


Executives

John Chambers is currently the President and CEO.

Other senior executives include:
John Morgridge - Chairman of the Board
Brad Boston - Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer
Charles H. Giancarlo - Senior Vice President and Chief Development Officer
Dennis D. Powell - Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Susan Bostrom - Senior Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer
John N. Stewart - Chief Security Officer, Corporate Security Programs Organization
Wim Elfrink - Senior Vice President, Customer Advocacy
Joe Pinto - Senior Vice President, Technical Services
Rick Justice - Senior Vice President, Worldwide Field Operations


Origin of the Cisco name

The name "Cisco" is an abbreviation of San Francisco. According to John Morgridge, employee 34 and the company's former president, the founders hit on the name and logo while driving to Sacramento to register the company -- they saw the Golden Gate Bridge framed in the sunlight [7]. The name cisco Systems (with the lowercase "c") continued in use within the engineering community at the company long after the official company name was changed to Cisco Systems, Inc. Users of Cisco products can still see the name ciscoSystems occasionally in bug reports and IOS messages.

The company's logo reflects its San Francisco name heritage: it represents a stylized Golden Gate Bridge. In October 2006, Cisco publicly launched a new logo. The revised logo is graphically simpler and more stylized than the original.


A partial list of products
Hardware
Application Network Services
Broadband Cable products: uBR7100 series, uBR7200 series, uBR10012 CMTSes. A line of Cable Modems, the uBR900 series and CVA122 series, were also made in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but have since been discontinued.
Clean Access Server
Content Networking
DSL & Long Reach Ethernet
Interoperability Systems
Optical Networking series: 15xxx Series: 15302, 15305, 15310, 15327, 15454, 15600, 1580x, 15900(wavelength router, but end for sale)
Routers: SB107, 700, 800, 100x, 1600, 1700, 1800, 2500, 2600, 2800, 3600, 3700, 3800, 4500, 4700, 7000, 7200, 7400, 7500, 7600, 10000, 12000, and CRS-1
Security & VPN products: Anomaly Detection and Mitigation Appliances, Cisco AVS 3110 Application Velocity System, Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances, Cisco PIX 500 Series Security Appliances, Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrators, Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series/7600 Series WebVPN Services Module, IPSec VPN Services Module (VPNSM) for Cisco Catalyst 6500 Switches and Cisco 7600 Series Routers
Server Networking & Virtualization
SPA Phone Adapters
Storage networking
Switches
Catalyst series: 500 Express, 1200, 1600, 1700, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2800, 29xx, 3000, 35xx, 37xx, 40xx, 45xx, 5xxx, 6xxx, etc..
Metro Ethernet ME 3400 Series Access Switches
MGX 8800 Series Multiservice Switches: MGX 8830, MGX 8850
Universal Gateways & Access Servers
Video
Voice & IP Communications: 7900 Series IP Phones: 7940, 7960 and 7970
Wireless: Wireless Integrated Switches and Routers,Wireless IP Telephony, Wireless LAN Access, Aironet Wireless Bridges and Workgroup Bridges, Cisco Wireless LAN Client Adapters, Wireless LAN Controllers, Wireless Network Management, Wireless LAN Management, Wireless Security Servers, Wireless IP Phone 7920|Wireless IP Phone 7920

[8]
Software
Cisco CallManager
Cisco IP Transfer Point (ITP)
Cisco Multimedia Conference Manager (MCM)
Cisco Fabric Manager
CiscoView
CiscoWorks Network Management software
Cisco Intelligent Contact Management
Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS)
Cisco Access Registrar (AR)
Cisco Security MARS (Monitoring, Analysis and Response System)
Cisco Clean Access Agent, Cisco Clean Access Manager
Cisco LocalDirector load-balancing appliance
Content Loadbalancers (acquired from Arrowpoint)
Content Engine
Wireless LAN Solution Engine
VPN Concentrator
Packet Tracer
Cisco IP/TV
Cisco IP/VC
Cisco CallManager Express (CCME)
Cisco MeetingPlace
Cisco Unity
Cisco Secure Desktop
Cisco Security Manager
Cisco Transport Manager
Cisco Enhanced Device Interface

Dengue fever


Dengue virus

A TEM micrograph showing dengue virus.   
Virus classification   
Group:   Group IV ((+)ssRNA)   
Family:   Flaviviridae   
Genus:   Flavivirus   
Species:   Dengue virus   

Dengue fever (IPA: ['deŋgeɪ]) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics, with a geographical spread similar to malaria. Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted to humans by the mosquito Aedes aegypti (rarely Aedes albopictus).



Signs and symptoms

This infectious disease is manifested by a sudden onset of fever, with severe headache, muscle and joint pains (myalgias and arthralgias — severe pain gives it the name break-bone fever or bonecrusher disease) and rashes; the dengue rash is characteristically bright red petechia and usually appears first on the lower limbs and the chest - in some patients, it spreads to cover most of the body. There may also be gastritis with some combination of associated abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.

Some cases develop much milder symptoms, which can, when no rash is present, be misdiagnosed as a flu or other viral infection. Thus, travelers from tropical areas may inadvertently pass on dengue in their home countries, having not being properly diagnosed at the height of their illness. Patients with dengue can only pass on the infection through mosquitoes or blood products while they are still febrile.

The classic dengue fever lasts about six to seven days, with a smaller peak of fever at the trailing end of the fever (the so-called "biphasic pattern"). Clinically, the platelet count will drop until the patient's temperature is normal.

Cases of DHF also shows higher fever, haemorrhagic phenomena, thrombocytopenia and haemoconcentration. A small proportion of cases leads to dengue shock syndrome (DSS) which has a high mortality rate.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of dengue is usually made clinically. The classic picture is high fever with no localising source of infection, a petechial rash with thrombocytopenia and relative leukopenia.

There exists a WHO definition of dengue haemorrhagic fever that has been in use since 1975; all four criteria must be fulfilled:
Fever
Haemorrhagic tendency (positive tourniquet test, spontaneous bruising, bleeding from mucosa, gingiva, injection sites, etc.; vomiting blood, or bloody diarrhea)
Thrombocytopaenia (<100 platelets per mm? or estimated as less than 3 platelets per high power field)
Evidence of plasma leakage (hematocrit more than 20% higher than expected, or drop in haematocrit of 20% or more from baseline following IV fluid, pleural effusion, ascites, hypoproteinaemia)

Dengue shock syndrome is defined as dengue haemorrhagic fever plus:
Weak rapid pulse,
Narrow pulse pressure (less than 20 mm Hg)

or,
Hypotension for age;
Cold, clammy skin and restlessness.

Serology and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) studies are available to confirm the diagnosis of dengue if clinically indicated.


Treatment

The mainstay of treatment is supportive therapy. The patient is encouraged to keep up oral intake, especially of oral fluids. If the patient is unable to maintain oral intake, supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and significant hemoconcentration. A platelet transfusion is rarely indicated if the platelet level drops significantly or if there is significant bleeding. But the transfusion is recommendable on platelet count falling below 50,000 without hemorrhage / bleeding or approx 75,000 with hemorrhage/bleeding. Internal bleeding indicated by dark color of stools, other bleedings indicated at surface as red rashes all over or most of the body parts.

Rumoured Herbal Cure

Have recieved mails recommending the juce of Papaya leaves as an cure for Dengue fever when the platelet count drops significanly. The cure is described below

Take papaya leaves 2 pcs just clean and pound and squeeze the juice through a cloth filter. You will only get one tablespoon per leaf. So two tablespoons per serving once a day. No need to boil or cook or rinse with hot water or it will lose its strength. Only the leafy part has to be taken, no stem or sap. It is very bitter and needs to be swallowed.

Have seen lots of references to this cure for Dengue however none of them seemed authentic or substantiated with sound evidence (Also cound not find references to this cure as an urban legend / hoax). If someone can find evidence of the efficacy/ inefficacy of this cure possibly an update would be in order.

Epidemiology
 
World-wide dengue distribution, 2000

The first epidemics occurred almost simultaneously, in Asia, Africa, and North America in the 1780s. The disease was identified and named in 1779. A global pandemic began in Southeast Asia in the 1950s and by 1975 DHF had become a leading cause of death among children in many countries in that region. Epidemic dengue has become more common since the 1980s - by the late 1990s, dengue was the most important mosquito-borne disease affecting humans after malaria, there being around 40 million cases of dengue fever and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever each year. In February 2002 there was a serious outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, affecting around one million people but only killing sixteen.

Significant outbreaks of dengue fever tend to occur every five or six years. There tend to remain large numbers of susceptible people in the population despite previous outbreaks because there are four different strains of the dengue virus and because of new susceptible individuals entering the target population, either through childbirth or immigration.

There is significant evidence, originally suggested by S.B. Halstead in the 1970s, that dengue hemorrhagic fever is more likely to occur in patients who have secondary infections by serotypes different from the primary infection - in a process known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).

In Singapore, there are about 4,000-5,000 reported cases of dengue fever or dengue haemorrhagic fever every year. In the year 2003, there were 6 deaths from dengue shock syndrome. It is believed that the reported cases of dengue are an underrepresentation of all the cases of dengue as it would ignore subclinical cases and cases where the patient did not present for medical treatment. With proper medical treatment, the mortality rate for dengue can therefore be brought down to less than 1 in 1000.


Prevention

There is no commercially available vaccine for the dengue flavivirus. However, one of the many ongoing vaccine development programs is the Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative (PDVI) which was set up in 2003 with the aim of accelerating the development and introduction of dengue vaccine(s) that are affordable and accessible to poor children in endemic countries.

Thai researchers, in phase III testing, have planned to test a dengue fever vaccine on 3,000-5,000 human volunteers within the next three years after having successfully conducted tests on animals and a small group of human volunteers.[1]

Primary prevention of dengue mainly resides in eliminating or reducing the mosquito vector for dengue. Public spraying for mosquitoes is the most important aspect of this vector. Application of larvicides such as Abate? to standing water is more effective in the long term control of mosquitoes. Initiatives to eradicate pools of standing water (such as in flowerpots) have proven useful in controlling mosquito borne diseases. Promising new techniques have been recently reported from Oxford University on rendering the Aedes mosquito pest sterile.

Personal prevention consists of the use of mosquito nets, repellents, cover exposed skin, use DEET-impregnated bednets, and avoiding endemic areas. This is also important for malaria prevention.

I would like to share this interesting discovery from my frnd's brother's son who has just recovered from dengue fever. Apparently, his son was in the critical stage at the SJMC ICU when his plaalet counts drops to 15 after 15 litres of blood transfusion.His father was so worried that he seeks another friend’s recommendation and his son was saved. He confessed to me that he give his son raw juice of the papaya leaves. From a pallet count of 45 after 20 litres of blood transfusion, and after drinking the raw papaya leaf juice, his pallet count jumps instantly to 135. Even the doctors and nurses were surprised. After the second day he was discharged. So he ask me to pass this good news around.Accordingly it is raw papaya leaves, 2 pcs just cleaned and pound and squeeze with filter cloth. You will only get one tablespoon per leaf. So two tablespoon per serving once a day. Do not boil or cook or rinse with hot water, it will loose its strength. Only the leafy part and no stem or sap. It is very bitter and you have to swallow it like Won Low Kat. But it works.You may have heard this elsewhere but if not I am glad to inform you that papaya juice is a natural cure for dengue fever. As dengue fever is rampant now, I think it's good to share this with all. A friend of mine had dengue last year. It was a very serious situation for her as her platellet count had dropped to 28,000 after 3 days in hospital and water has started to fill up her lung. She had difficulty in breathing. She was only 32-year old.Doctor says there's no cure for dengue. We just have to wait for her body immune system to build up resistance against dengue and fight its own battle. She already had 2 blood transfusion and all of us were praying very hard as her platelet continued to drop since the first day she was admitted.Fortunately her mother in law heard that papaya juice would help to reduce the fever and got some papaya leaves,pounded them and squeeze the juice out for her.The next day, her platelet count started to increase,her fever subsided.

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Peritoneal Mesothelioma (Abdominal Mesothelioma)
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is an extremely rare condition. Only 100 to 500 cases are diagnosed in the US each year, making up less than 30% of all mesothelioma cases.

Peritoneal mesothelioma is a cancer affecting the abdominal lining, or peritoneum (paira-tin-e-um), which is why is is sometimes referred to as abdominal mesothelioma. This membrane supports and covers the organs of the abdomen.

The peritoneum is made of two parts, the visceral and parietal peritoneum. The visceral peritoneum covers the internal organs and makes up most of the outer layer of the intestinal tract. Covering the abdominal cavity is the parietal peritoneum.

Cells in these linings secrete a fluid which allows organs to move against one another. For instance, as the intestines move food through the body. The cells of the mesothelium are designed to create fluid, but the cancer causes them to overproduce, creating a build up of excess fluid in the abdominal cavity.

Because pleural mesothelioma is more common and often spreads to the peritoneal cavity, it is important to determine if pleural mesothelioma is the primary cancer.


How does asbestos cause peritoneal mesothelioma?
Although there's no definitive explanation, it is widely believed that asbestos causes peritoneal mesothelioma in one of two ways. First, asbestos fibers may be ingested, and when in the intestinal tract, the fibers may work themselves into the peritoneal cavity and peritoneum. Second, they may be inhaled and transported through the lymph node system to the peritoneal cavity.

Wisconsin Lemon Law

If the motor vehicle you buy or lease in Wisconsin turns out to be a lemon, the manufacturer has to replace it free or refund the price (minus a reasonable amount for mileage).

What is a Lemon?
A new vehicle, no more than a year old and still under warranty, is a lemon if it has a serious defect the dealer can't fix in four tries, or if it has one or many defects that prevent you from using it for 30 days or more (the 30 days need not be consecutive).

What is a defect?
A defect covered by the Lemon Law must seriously affect the use, value or safety of your vehicle and must be covered by the warranty. An irritating rattle may not be "serious" enough to make your car a lemon. Stalling probably is.

What vehicles are covered?
The law covers any new car, truck, motorcycle or motor home you buy or lease in Wisconsin, even if you register the vehicle in another state. It also covers a demonstrator or executive vehicle, but does not cover other used vehicles. The law also does not cover mopeds or trailers.

How long are you covered?
The Lemon Law includes no deadline for filing a Lemon Law suit; a court would decide if your case were too old. Some attorneys maintain that the limit would be six or seven years after purchase; however, some attorneys may be reluctant to handle cases over four years old.

Is my vehicle a lemon?
Your vehicle is a lemon if all of the following statements are true:

You bought or leased a vehicle in Wisconsin.


The vehicle is a car, truck, motorcycle or motor home.


The vehicle developed a defect or defects during its first year and before the warranty expired.


The defect seriously harms the vehicle's use, value or safety.


One of the following happened during the vehicle's first year and before the warranty expired:
The dealer failed four times to fix the same defect; OR
The vehicle was out of service for 30 days or more due or more defects
What should a lemon owner do?
Get a repair order for every repair visit, even if the shop doesn't diagnose the problem or attempt a repair. A repair order should show the problem you report, and the dates your car is in the shop.
Keep purchase contracts, warranties, and repair orders to prove you have a lemon. Don't keep repair orders in your car where they may get lost.
We suggest you use WisDot's Motor Vehicle Lemon Law Notice Form to ask the manufacturer for a refund or replacement vehicle. Send the form to the manufacturer at the address in your owners manual. Your refund should include the full purchase price, sales tax, any finance charge, and collateral costs (for example, repairs, towing, alternative transportation), minus the mileage deduction allowed by law. If you get a replacement vehicle, the manufacturer should refund your collateral costs and charge nothing for mileage.
If you return to the manufacturer a vehicle that has missing equipment or unrepaired damage beyond normal wear and tear, a manufacturer may want to negotiate a damage deduction. You should not be responsible for paying for normal wear and tear, such as minor dents, scratches, pitted glass, soiled carpets, minor stains or tears. Feel free to have the damage appraised at a location you choose, or to have it repaired rather than paying a deduction.
If you don't get a refund or replacement by writing the manufacturer, consider using your manufacturer's arbitration program. If your manufacturer has a program certified by WisDOT, you must use it before you can sue under the Lemon Law. If your manufacturer's program is not certified, you do not have to use it. However, if you do use it, you might get a decision you like. You can reject any decision you don't like. See the list of arbitration programs listed below.
Talk to an attorney if the manufacturer doesn't help you. A court may need to decide if your vehicle is a lemon and what settlement you deserve. If you sue the manufacturer and win, you could get double the vehicle purchase price, plus other costs and attorney fees. To find an attorney who handles Lemon Law cases, contact the State Bar of Wisconsin Attorney Referral Service toll-free at (800) 362-9082, or at (608) 257-4666. Or visit WisBar Lawyer Referral and Information Service.
Who can I call for help?
Wisconsin Department of Transportation's Dealer Section licenses and regulates dealers and manufacturers and helps resolve disputes about vehicle sales and warranties. Contact the Dealer Section if you have a complaint against a dealer or manufacturer.

The Dealer Section won't resolve your Lemon Law complaint for you, but it will give you more information about using your Lemon Law rights.

Dealer Section
Wisconsin Department of Transportation
P. O. Box 7909
Madison, Wisconsin 53707-7909
(608) 266-1425

Manufacturer arbitration programs
Arbitration is an informal way to resolve your complaint without going to court. Arbitrators, often volunteers from the community, decide your case based on information you and the manufacturer provide. If your manufacturer has an arbitration program certified by WisDOT, you must use it before suing under the Lemon Law. If it is not certified, you do not have to use it. In either case, arbitration is free, you don't need a lawyer, and you don't have to accept a decision you don't like.

For complete advice concerning your legal rights, click here to consult a Wisconsin Lemon Law attorney.

Most of the information on this page is provided by the state of Wisconsin, which this website is not affiliated with.