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365  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / Indian call center staff sold data, TV show says on: October 08, 2006, 06:50:02 PM
An undercover TV investigation claims to have infiltrated criminal gangs selling thousands of U.K. credit card and passport details for as little as $9.50 each from offshore call centers. The "Dispatches" documentary, shown on U.K.'s Channel 4, follows a 12-month investigation. It included footage of middlemen offering an undercover reporter the credit card details gleaned from Indian call centers of 100,000 U.K. bank customers. But Indian IT trade organization Nasscom criticized Channel 4 for refusing to show it any of the footage before it was broadcast on Thursday evening. It urged the program makers to cooperate in rooting out and prosecuting any "corrupt" call center workers. "The whole issue of data security is a global problem," said Sunil Mehta, a vice president at Nasscom. "There are bad apples in every industry around the world, and these incidents happen in India and the U.K. This is not a widespread problem in India. Security measures and practices that Indian companies have are the best in the world."
366  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / RealNetworks reveals revamped Rhapsody on: October 08, 2006, 06:48:50 PM
RealNetworks has taken the wraps off Rhapsody 4.0, an enhanced version of its digital music service designed for specially optimised MP3 players. The company also announced the first line of Rhapsody DNA-based MP3 players from SanDisk. The Sansa e200R Rhapsody players, available in capacities ranging from 2GB to 8GB, come equipped with over 30 hours of pre-loaded music. New features of the Rhapsody software include Channels, which provide hours of music based on a particular genre or artist or the user's own music tastes. The music refreshes each time the player is synched to the PC, and consumers can skip through tracks and save any track they like to their libraries.
367  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / Ajax developers playing with fire on: October 08, 2006, 06:48:19 PM
The rise of Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax) applications is exposing enterprises and end users to a new series of security threats, but developers are insufficiently aware of the risks. "We are seeing a rise in web application attacks because people are realising that it is easier to go through the Web application," Billy Hoffman, a lead security researcher with Spi Dynamics, told vnunet.com. "There is all sorts of money to be made in Web security," Hoffman said at the AjaxWorld conference in Santa Clara, California. "It is often easier to attack an application through the web layer than by trying to break through the firewall or spoof around the intrusion detection system. Criminals take the path of least resistance." From the end-user perspective, Ajax is a programming technique that allows websites to pre-fetch data and facilitate more interactive websites.
368  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / Commerce Department hacked; Source traced to China on: October 08, 2006, 06:47:22 PM
Hackers operating through Chinese Internet servers have launched a debilitating attack on the computer system of a sensitive Commerce Department bureau, forcing it to replace hundreds of workstations and block employees from regular use of the Internet for more than a month, Commerce officials said yesterday. The attack targeted the computers of the Bureau of Industry and Security, which is responsible for controlling U.S. exports of commodities, software and technology having both commercial and military uses. The bureau has stepped up its activity in regulating trade with China in recent years as the United States increased its exports of such dual-use items to the growing Chinese market. This marked the second time in recent months that U.S. officials confirmed that a major attack traced to China had succeeded in penetrating government computers.
369  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / Privileged passwords create hacking threat on: October 08, 2006, 06:46:47 PM
Privileged passwords are more common in enterprises than previously thought, and their uncontrolled use makes organisations more vulnerable to hackers, a new study has revealed. Privileged passwords are non-personal passwords that exist in virtually every device or software application in an enterprise, such as 'root' on a Unix server, 'administrator' on a Windows workstation, and 'cisco enable' on a Cisco device. A survey by US information security vendor Cyber-Ark Software suggests that around half of the 140 enterprises that responded were using more privileged than individual passwords. The security loophole is exacerbated because 42 percent of respondents said that they never update passwords regularly, which leaves organisations weak when faced with audits and hacker attacks. "Organisations often believe that, because they have a small number of IT administrators, they cannot have many privileged passwords," said Adam Bosnian, vice president of products, strategy and sales at Cyber-Ark.
370  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / New Wimax chip set for launch on: October 08, 2006, 06:45:27 PM
Intel is expected to unveil next week a second-generation chip implementing Wimax technology that could lead to low-cost wireless broadband services in UK cities. The first-generation Rosedale1 chip supports only the 802.16d flavour of Wimax, which is intended for fixed links. Rosedale2 draws less power (a peak 2W as against 5W) and is capable of supporting the 802.16e ?mobile? flavour of Wimax, though this will require a firmware upgrade. Paul Senior, vice-president of marketing and product management at Wimax specialist Airspan, said it does not already support 16e because the standard is new and there are too few products around for full interoperability tests. "Anyone can implement Wimax. The problem is to be able to make products that work with other people?s products," he said.
371  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / Excel holes on: October 08, 2006, 06:44:35 PM
Even though Microsoft has just delivered one of its largest batches of security patches ever - including one for a critical hole in Word - hackers and researchers have found three new (and as yet unpatched) holes involving Excel. Two of the bugs permit attacks when you open a doctored Excel spreadsheet stored on a Web site or sent as an e-mail attachment. The first is clearly related to the way Excel handles memory, and could enable an attacker to take control of your PC. It hits Excel versions 2000 through 2003 for Windows, Excel 2004 and v. X for Mac (a Microsoft blog posting at http://blogs.technet.com/msrc/archive/2006/06/24/438657.aspx addresses the Excel issues).
372  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / Having your web site hijacked is bad news on: October 08, 2006, 06:42:46 PM
Sometimes it's graffiti on a Web site to prove a hacker's skills. Other times it's for more nefarious purposes, such as stealing customer information. Whatever the reason and however it's executed, anything that compromises a business' Web site can mean bad news. The Ojai Deer Lodge learned that when the restaurant's site was taken over in July. A hacker from outside the country found a way to hijack the site, replacing menus and band schedules with explicit images. "It was offensive," said Amee Jana, director of events for the Ojai Deer Lodge. The restaurant immediately started gathering its mailing and e-mail lists to get the word out on what happened. Jana said the Web site had been up for about five years, and people had it bookmarked in their computers. Bands linked to the site to promote their shows.
373  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Techno News / Rumour: Google to purchase YouTube for $1.6 billion? on: October 08, 2006, 06:41:01 PM
 1.6 BILLION?!?!?!?!? WTF! Hey Google, how about I give you guys a good deal on HITB; lock, stock and barrel -- a mere USD100 million! Cheesy


We know that YouTube has had informal talks with a number of companies about acquisition in the $1.5 - $2 billion range. And I suspect Google won?t be daunted by the prospect of dealing with a ton of ****ed off copyright holders. TechCrunch wrote: "I got an email tonight about a possible Google acquisition of YouTube that may be in the final stages before closing. Rumored price is $1.6 billion. A quick phone call to a VC confirmed that the rumor is circulating (he also confirmed the price), but that is far from confirmation that this deal is happening. I?m digging for more but the source on this one is very good."
374  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / GATE / GATE Tips on: October 08, 2006, 11:48:40 AM
1.Material Collection

Syllabus
All the relevant books based on the subject(Divide the books in two groups - (1) Fundamental and basic concepts (2) Problem oriented
Some books helpful for pre-requisite knowledge on the subject
Some good guide books for GATE
Previous questions papers
2.Keep contact with some expert and GATE experienced persons
3.Study - Syllabus and Previous questions papers

4.Start from the first chapter

read at least 5 books, it will widen your knowledge(if necessary consult with the books for pre-requisite knowledge or with some expert)
Note down the probable concepts(definitions, unit, dimension etc.)
Note down necessary theories, formulae etc
Solve problems as maximum as possible(from text books, Guide books etc)
Think about various tricks in solving problems(if necessary, note it)
Go for series of self tests based on this chapter(take other's help to conduct tests)
Continue the self tests until getting a very good score
5.Solve more and more problems, discover more and more new tricks…
6.Follow the same procedure for the rest chapters

7.Finally, go for self tests based on whole syllabus(take other's help to conduct these tests)

8.On the exam day…you will be at the Pick, who can stop you?
375  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / GATE / GATE Pattern on: October 08, 2006, 11:47:09 AM
The pattern of GATE examination has been CHANGED from 2005.

Main Papers

The question paper will be fully objective type for a total of 150 marks divided into three groups:

Group I: Question Numbers 1 to 30 (30 questions) will carry one mark each.

Group II: Question numbers 31 to 80 (50 questions) will carry two marks each.

Group III: Question Numbers 81a to 85b (10 questions) will carry two marks each. Each number in this series (81,82,83,84,85) will have two sub-questions (a & b). The answer to part 'b' will be linked to the correct answer to part 'a', as described below in Section (e)(vi).

Each question will have four choices for the answer. Only one choice is correct.

Wrong answers carry 25% negative marks in Q1 to Q80 and Q81a, 82a, 83a, 84a and 85a. Marks for correct answers to Q81b, 82b, 83b, 84b and 85b will be given only if the answer to the corresponding part 'a' is correct. However, Q81b, 82b, 83b, 84b and 85b will not carry any negative marks.

Papers bearing the code AG, CE, CH, CS, EC, EE, IN, IT, ME, MN, MT, PI, TF will contain questions on Engineering Mathematics to the extent of 20 to 25 marks.

The multiple choice objective test questions can be of the following type:

Each choice containing a single stand-alone statement/phrase/data.

Example:
Q. The time independent Schrodinger equation of a system represents the conservation of the


total binding energy of the system

total potential energy of the system

total kinetic energy of the system

total energy of the system

Each choice containing a combination of option codes.

The question may be accompanied by four options P, Q, R, S and the choices may be a combination of these options. The candidate has to choose the right combination as the correct answer.

Example:
Q. The infra-red stretching frequency νco of
(P) Mn(CO)6+    (Q) CO     (R) H3B←CO     (S) [V(CO)6]-     follows the order

 

P>R>S>Q

S>P>R>Q

Q>S>P>R

R>Q>P>S

 

Assertion[a]/Reason[r] type with the choices stating if [a]/[r] are True/False and/or stating if [r] is correct/incorrect reasoning of [a]

Example:
Q. Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following Assertion [a] and the Reason [r]

Assertion:  For a fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe the average velocity is one half of the maximum velocity.

 Reason: The velocity for a fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe varies linearly in the   radial direction.


 

Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct reason for [a]

Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is not the correct reason for [a]

Both [a] and [r] are false

[a] is true but [r] is false

 

Match items: Match all items in Column 1 with correct options from those given in Column 2 and choose the correct set of combinations from the choices A, B, C and D.

Example:
Q. Match the following and choose the correct combination

Capital
 State
 
  P. Chennai
   1. Andhra Pradesh
 
  Q. Bangalore
   2. West Bengal
 
  R. Mumbai
   3. Rajasthan
 
  S. Kolkata
   4. Karnataka
 
 
   5. Tamil Nadu
 
 
   6. Maharashtra
 



(A)
 (B)
 (C)
 (D)
 
 P - 1
  P - 5
  P - 5
  P - 4
 
 Q - 6
  Q - 4
  Q - 4
  Q - 5
 
 R - 4
  R - 3
  R - 6
  R - 6
 
 S - 5
  S - 2
  S - 2
  S - 2
 





Common data based questions: Multiple questions may be linked to a common problem data, passage and the like. Two or three questions can be formed from the given common problem data. Each question is independent and its solution obtainable from the above problem data/passage directly. (Answer of the previous question is not required to solve the next question). Each question under this group will carry two marks.

Example:
Common data for Q. 78,79,80: The gas phase reaction, 2P + 4Q → 2R which is first order in P and first order in Q is to be carried out isothermally in a plug flow reactor. The entering volumetric flow rate is 2.5 dm3/min and the feed is equimolar in P and Q. The entering temperature and pressure are 727oC and 10 atm respectively. The specific reaction rate at this temperature is 4 dm3/gmol min and the activation energy is 15,000 cal/gmol.

 Q.78. What is the volumetric flow rate in dm3/min when the conversion of P is 25%?

       (A) 1.88     (B) 5.40     (C) 7.10     (D) 10.80

 Q.79. What is the rate of reaction in gmol/(dm3 min) when the conversion of P is 40%

       (A) 1.82 x 103     (B) 4.95 x 10-3     (C) 6.2 x 10-3     (D) 9.73 x 103

 Q.80. What is the value of the specific reaction rate constant in dm3/gmol min at 1227oC?

       (A) 17.68 (B)     22.32     (C) 49.60     (D) 59.75



Linked answers question: The question will consist of a problem statement followed by two sub-questions (a) and (b) based on the problem statement. The solution to part (b) depends upon the answer to part (a). Each part (a) as well as (b) in such linked answer questions will carry two marks.

Example:
Statement for linked answer Q. 81a & 81b: A reversible Carnot engine operates between the actual heat input temperature of 1000 K and actual heat rejection temperature of 250 K. The ambient temperature is 200 K.

 Q.81a The efficiency of this engine will be

       A) 5%     (B) 20%     (C) 25%     (D) 75%

 Q.81b The above engine is to provide the power output of 100 kW. The heat input required will be

       (A) 133.33 kW     (B) 400 kW     (C) 500 kW     (D) 2000 kW

 In the above simplistic example, the calculation of heat input in Q.81b requires the value of  efficiency calculated in Q.81a as the first step.



Structure of the XE/XL Paper Sections

XE and XL papers contain a number of sections. Each Section is of 50 marks. Each Section will be fully objective type and the questions are divided into three groups.

Group I: Question Numbers 1 to 10 (10 questions) will carry one mark each.

Group II: Question numbers 11 to 26 (16 questions) will carry two marks each.

Group III: Question Numbers 27a to 28b (4 questions) will carry two marks each. Each number in this series (27, 28) will have two subquestions (a & b). The solution to part 'b' will be linked to the correct answer to part 'a', as described above in (e) (vi).

All questions have four choices with only one being correct.

Wrong answers carry 25% negative marks in Q1 to Q26 and Q27a, 28a. Marks for correct answers to Q27b, 28b, will be given only if the answer to the corresponding part 'a' is correct. However, Q27b, 28b will not carry any negative marks.

The types of multiple choice questions are the same as in the Main papers as described above in (e).
376  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / GMAT / MOVED: GMAT Exams / Practice Material Downloads on: October 08, 2006, 11:02:16 AM
This topic has been moved to Downloads Zone.

http://technoworldinc.com/others/gmat_exams_practice_material_downloads-t13.0.html
377  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Ethical Hacking / Security / Viruses / 5 steps to help avoid instant message viruses on: October 07, 2006, 10:02:58 PM
5 steps to help avoid instant message viruses
Watch out for files sent in IM—they could be viruses in disguise


Instant messaging, commonly referred to as IM, is a method of online communication like e-mail. The main difference, as the name suggests, is that IM is instantaneous. Using an IM program—such as MSN Messenger, Windows Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, or others—you and a friend can type messages to each other and see the messages almost immediately.

Because IM has become so popular, virus writers are using it to spread malicious programs. Read on to find out how to avoid getting or spreading a virus when you use IM.

Understanding instant message viruses

Like e-mail viruses, instant message viruses are malicious or annoying programs that are designed to travel through IM. In most cases these viruses are spread when a person opens an infected file that was sent in an instant message that appeared to come from a friend.

The following is an example of what an IM virus sent through an infected file might look like:

</img>

Example of an infected file sent through an instant message

When unsuspecting people open these files, their computers can become infected with a virus. Because of the virus, their computers may slow down or stop responding, or they may not notice any change at all. However, the virus might have installed a covert program on their computer that could damage software, hardware, or important files, and that may include spyware, which can track information entered on a computer.

A computer infected by a virus may continue to spread the infection by sending copies of the virus to everyone on your IM contact list. A contact list is the collection of IM names (similar to an e-mail address book) that you can store in your IM program.
Top of page
5 steps to help avoid instant message viruses

As with most threats on the Internet, you can help keep yourself safe by taking basic precautions. If you know how to avoid e-mail viruses, you'll already be familiar with many of these steps.

1.

Be careful downloading files in IM. Never open, accept, or download a file in IM from someone you don't know. If the file comes from someone you do know, don't open it unless you know what the file is and you were expecting it. Contact the sender by e-mail, phone, or some other method to confirm that what they sent was not a virus.

2.

Update your Windows software. Visit Microsoft Update to scan your computer and install any high-priority updates that are offered to you. If you have Automatic Updates enabled, the updates are delivered to you when they are released, but you have to make sure you install them. For more information, visit the Protect Your PC site.

3.

Make sure you're using an updated version of your IM software. Using the most up-to-date version of your IM software can better protect your computer against viruses and spyware. If you're using MSN Messenger, install the updated version by visiting the MSN Messenger Web site and clicking the Download Now! button.

4.

Use antivirus software and keep it updated. Antivirus software can help to detect and remove IM viruses from your computer, but only if you keep the antivirus software current. If you've purchased a subscription from an antivirus software company, your antivirus software may update itself when you're connected to the Internet.

5.

Use anti-spyware software and keep it updated. Some IM viruses may install spyware or other unwanted software on your computer. Anti-spyware software can help to protect your computer from spyware and remove any spyware you may already have. If you don't have anti-spyware software, you can download the new Microsoft Windows AntiSpyware (Beta) or another spyware removal tool.
378  THE TECHNO CLUB [ TECHNOWORLDINC.COM ] / Ethical Hacking / Security / Viruses / What is a Virus? on: October 07, 2006, 09:18:03 PM
Introduction to Viruses


What is a virus?:
It is a program that can enter a computer in many different ways. These programs, or viruses, are special programs in that they can cause unwanted or damaging effects or take advantage of exploits and operating system weakness to cause damage, system instability, or even allow other programs or users to access your network or data files. When a virus enters a computer or network, it will often try to situate itself in a place where it can be activated and distributed, unintentionally, by the user. A virus will not act until it has been run or until certain pre-established conditions have been met, called the "trigger" condition (a specific date, an operation carried out by the user, etc.). In many cases, the effects produced by a virus, called the "virus payload", will not be seen until some time after it has infected the computer. A typical characteristic of viruses is their capacity to reproduce and spread to other files or programs.


Why are they called "viruses"?:
Computer viruses are called viruses due to their similarities with biological viruses. In the same way as biological viruses enter the body and infect the cells, computer viruses get into the into the computer and infect files. In addition, both types of virus can reproduce themselves and spread, passing the infection from one infected system to others.


The effects produced by a virus can range from catostrophic to simply annoying: they can damage or delete data stored in a computer, cause the infected computer to crash, display on-screen messages, etc.


In addition to propagation and infection techniques, many viruses will also use "evasion" techniques. This means that the virus has techniques or a defense system that makes it difficult to detect it and helps it avoid any action taken against it.


How do I know if I have got a virus?:
It may appear that you have a virus in your computer, but you cannot be sure that this is the case until it is detected using an antivirus tool (programs that detect and eliminate viruses). Some actions that can be carried out by a virus are obvious enough to be recognized and could include: messages displayed on-screen, operations slowing down, the properties of some files change, files and/or folders disappear, the computer will not start, the content of the infected disk is lost, etc.


Viruses are increasingly sent via e-mail, therefore it is important to delete all suspicious and/or unsolicited messages. However, messages known as hoaxes are e-mail messages that inform you about the existence of a possible virus, but are NOT viruses. If you have any doubt about an email or attachment, DO NOT open it.


What do viruses infect?:
The main target of viruses are files located in storage devices such as hard and floppy disks. They target program files, although other types of files and documents can also be infected. A program is simply a file with an .EXE or .COM extension, which can be run to perform specific operations.


As we have already mentioned, there are viruses designed to infect files that are not programs. However, these documents contain elements known as macros. Macros are small programs that the user can include in certain types of files.


Other elements prone to virus attack are the storage devices themselves. By attacking the places in which files are stored, the damage produced by the virus will affect all of the information they contain.


How did viruses arise?:
In the 60s, some scientists developed a game for programmers called CoreWar. The objective of the game was to introduce some programs in memory that made the other programs run certain instructions. The aim was to saturate the memory and for each program to act independently, carrying out certain actions.


Now, however, it is not a game. Some experts believe that over 1,000 new viruses, trojans, exploits and hoaxes are created and released in the world every year. Many of these are simple programs that are easily stopped by most good anti-virus software. These are typically written by amatuer programmers and released as a prank or joke, but have spread further than imagined. A growing number of these, however, are highly sophisticated and cleverly designed programs created by professional "hackers" and are released with the intention to create widespread damage or havoc.


The problem with many of these viruses is that effective prevention, detection and disinfection is often impossible until it has been active for awhile. The "Melissa" virus is a perfect example of how a cleverly written virus can become widespread before effective defensive can be created and distributed.


  


Common Virus Entry Points


The first question that people often ask themselves is: How did this virus get into my computer, or attack it? Knowing the answer to this question can often prevent infection by protecting the possible virus entry points.
Here are the most common entry points used by viruses:


Removable disk drives
Computer networks
Internet


Removable Disk Drives: Disk drives are storage devices on which data is stored in the form of files or documents. These disk drives enable documents to be created on one computer and then used on another. Among these types of storage devices are: floppy disks, CD-ROMs, and Zip and Jaz disks. The last two types are simply special disks with a larger capacity than floppy disks. If any of these are infected, the other computers on which they are used will be infected. E-mail messages can also be stored in these storage devices, which may also be infected.
Floppy disks (or other extractable disks) can store programs, files, Web pages (HTML), e-mail messages with attached files, compressed files, etc. Any of these elements could be infected. Similarly, what is known as the boot sector of the disk could also be infected with a boot virus. Although it still happens, infections produced from floppy disks have decreased significantly to 10%. This means of spreading viruses has given way to much quicker means of propagation, such as e-mail.
Although in general CD-ROM drives can only read the content of a disk but cannot write on them, nowadays it is possible to read and write (record) on a CD-ROM. This, along with the large quantity of information that they can store has led to a large number of infections. In addition, many computers can be booted from a CD-ROM. This option can also lead to an increase in the number of infections.



Computer Networks: A network is a group of interconnected computers that makes it easier for groups of people to work together. Each computer that forms part of the network can connect to all other networked machines. Through this system it is possible to transfer information from one computer to another and/or access the information stored in one of them from the rest. If the information (programs, files, documents, etc.) that is accessed or transferred from one computer to another areinfected, the computers that accessed this computer, or those involved in the transfer, could also be infected.
The network connections can be local and/or remote, allowing computers and laptops to connect via cable, an Intranet, modem, etc. In short, this means that the network can be accessed from several points. You only need to consider a single computer and the means through which a virus can enter it, then multiply this by the computers in the network and mobile machines (such as laptops) that can connect to this network in order to get an idea of the myriad ways through which viruses can enter a network.


Internet: The Internet is becoming an increasingly popular means of obtaining information, sending and receiving files, sending and receiving news, or downloading files. All of these operations are based on transferring information and the interconnection of millions of computers all over the world. This means that as well as data, you may well be receiving a hidden virus. This simple fact alone has allowed virus attacks to grow at an unprecedented rate and has currently made The Internet the biggest virus entry point. Infection via Internet may be produced through a number of different means, including the following:

E-mail
Web pages
File transfers (FTP)
Downloads
Newsgroups


E-mail: Documents and files can be sent and received via e-mail in the form of attachments. These files could be infected. When an e-mail message is opened and the file it contains is run or opened, the computer that has received the message will become infected. The most important characteristics of infection via e-mail are as follows:




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