User(s) are complaining of delays when using the network. What would you do?

What are some of the problems associated with operating a switched LAN?

Name some of the ways of combining TCP/IP traffic and SNA traffic over the same link.

What sort of cabling is suitable for Fast Ethernet protocols?

What is a Class D IP address?

Why do I sometimes lose a server's address when using more than one server?

What is Firewall?

How do I monitor the activity of sockets?

How would I put my socket in non-blocking mode?

What are RAW sockets?

What is the role of TCP protocol and IP protocol.

What is UDP?

How can I make my server a daemon?

How should I choose a port number for my server?

Layers in TCP/IP

How can I be sure that a UDP message is received?

How to get IP header of a UDP message

Writing UDP/SOCK_DGRAM applications

How many bytes in an IPX network address?

What is the difference between MUTEX and Semaphore?

What is priority inversion?

Different Solutions to dining philosophers problem.

What is a message queue?

Questions on Shared Memory.

What is DHCP?

Working of ping, telnet, gopher.

Can I connect two computers to internet using same line ?

Why networks are layered ? What is the advantage of that ?

How many layers are there in OSI ? Why is it called OSI model ?

network topologies ?

Which are the different network toplogies ?

an example of bus type network.

What is the Bandwidth of ethernet ?

Explain the advantage and disadvantage of ethernet ?

Which is the protocol used in ethernet. (CSMA/CD) Why is it called so ?

What is the advantage of Ring network ?

Compare it with ethernet

Top VB questions

1. How do you register a component?

Compiling the component, running REGSVR32 MyDLL.dll

2. Name and explain the different compatibility types
when creating
a COM component

For more stuff & latest JObs visit www.sureshkumar.net

No Compatibility ? New GUID created, references from
other
components will not workProject Compatibility ?
Default for a new
component Binary Compatibility ? GUID does not change,
references
from other components will work

3. Why iss it important to use source control software
for source
code?

Modification history.Code ownership: Multiple people
can not modify
the same code at the same time.

4. What two methods are called from the ObjectContext
object to
inform MTS that the transaction was successful or
unsuccessful?

SetComplete and SetAbort.

5. What is the tool used to configure the port range
and protocols
for DCOM communications?

DCOMCONFIG.EXE

6. What does Option Explicit refer to?

All variables must be declared before use. Their type
is not
required.

7. What are the different ways to Declare and
Instantiate an object
in Visual Basic 6?

Dim obj as OBJ.CLASS with eitherSet obj = New
OBJ.CLASS orSet obj =
CreateObject(OBJ.CLASS?) orSet obj = GetObject( ,
OBJ.CLASS?)orDim
obj as New OBJ.CLASS

8. Name the four different cursor types in ADO and
describe them
briefly.

The cursor types are listed from least to most
resource
intensive.Forward Only Fastest, can only move forward
in recordset
Static Can move to any record in the recordset. Data
is static and
never changes.KeySet Changes are detectable, records
that are
deleted by other users are unavailable, and records
created by other
users are not detectedDynamic ? All changes are
visible.

9. Name the four different locking type in ADO and
describe them
briefly.

LockPessimistic Locks the row once after any edits
occur.LockOptimistic Locks the row only when Update is
called.LockBatchOptimistic Allows Batch
Updates.LockReadOnly Read
only. Can not alter the data.

10. Describe Database Connection pooling (relative to
MTS )?

This allows MTS to reuse database connections.
Database connections
are put to sleep as opposed to being created and
destroyed and are
activated upon request.

11. What are the ADO objects?

Provide a scenario using three of them to return data
from a
database. Expected answer: Connection Connects to a
data source;
contains the Errors collectionCommand Executes
commands to the data
source. Is the only object that can accept parameters
for a stored
procedure.Recordset The set of data returned from the
database.Scenario: There are many possibilities. The
most likely is
as follows:Dim conn As ADODB.ConnectionDim rs As
ADODB.RecordsetDim
Cmd As ADODB.Commandconn.ConnectionString =
?CONNECTION STRING?
conn.OpenSet Cmd.ActiveConnection =
connCmd.CommandText = ?SQL
STATEMENT?Set rs = Cmd.ExecuteSet rs.ActiveConnection
=
Nothingconn.Close

12. Under the ADO Command Object, what collection is
responsible for
input to stored procedures?

The Parameters collection.

13. What are some benefits of using MTS?

Database Pooling, Transactional operations,
Deployment, Security,
Remote Execution.

14. What is the benefit of wrapping database calls
into MTS
transactions?

If database calls are made within the context of a
transaction,
aborting the transaction will undo and changes that
occur within
that transaction. This removes the possibility of
stranded, or
partial data.

15. Describe and In Process vs. Out of Process
component. Which is
faster?

An in-process component is implemented as a DLL, and
runs in the
same process space as its client app, enabling the
most efficient
communication between client and component.Each client
app that uses
the component starts a new instance of it.An out of
process
component is implemented as an EXE, and unlike a dll,
runs in its
own process space. As a result, exe's are slower then
dll's because
communications between client and component must be
marshalled
across process boundaries. A single instance of an out
of process
component can service many clients.

16. What are the main components of the ADO object
model? How are
they used?

Connection: Used to make a connection between your app
and an
external data source, ie, sql server.Command: Used to
build queries,
including user-specific parameters, to access records
from a data
source (which are returned in a
Recordset)Recordset:Used to access
records returned from an SQL query. With a recordset,
you can
navigate returned records. You can also add, modify or
delete
records.

17. Can We create CGI scripts in VB??

Yes.

18. Dim x, y as integer. What is x and y data type?

X as variant and y as integer.

19. What is Centralization Error Handling?

Writing function and calling it when error occurs.

20. What is frx?

When some controls like grid and third party control
placed in our
application then it will create frx in run time.

21. What is the Dll required for running the VB?

Vbrun300.dll

22. Why we use Treeview Control?

To list the hierarchical list of the node objects.
Such of files and
Directories.

23. Handling Error in Calling chain.

This will call the top most error where the error is
handled.

24. In project properties if we set Unattended what is
it mean?

This cannot have user interface. This can be used for
the COM
creation.

25. What is the size of the variant data type?

The Variant data type has a numeric storage size of 16
bytes and can
contain data up to the range of a Decimal, or a
character storage
size of 22 bytes (plus string length),and can store
any character
text.

26. What is view Port?

The area under which the container provides the view
of the ActiveX
Document is known as a view port.

27. What are the different types of error?

Syntax Errors, Runtime , Logic.

28. What is the diff between the Std and Class Module?

Std Global with in the project. Cls Global through out
the all
project only thing is we want to set the type lib.
Class Modules can
be Instantiated.

29. What is Mixed Cursors?

Static + Keyset

30. Drag and Drop state numbers and functions?

State 0 Source control is being dragged with the range
of a target.
1 Out of the range of a target.
2 One position in the target to another.

31. What are the Style Properties of Combo Box?

Simple, Dropdown list We can type and select. Dropdown
Combo Only
Drop Down.

32. What are the Style properties of List Box?

Simple Single Select , Extended. Multiple Select.

33. What is Collection Objects?

Similarly to arrays but is preferred over an array
because of the
following reasons.
1. A collection objects uses less Memory than an
array.
2. It provides methods to add and delete members.
3. It does not required reason statement when objects
are added or
deleted.
4. It does not have boundary limitations.

34. What is the difference between Property Get, Set
and Let?

Set Value is assigned to ActiveX Object from the form.
Let Value is retried to ActiveX Object from the form.
Get- Assigns the value of an __expression to a variable
or property.

35. How to change the Mouse Pointer?

Screen.MousePointer = VBHourGlass/VBNormal.

36. What is Friend Variable?

Scope sharable between projects.

37. What is DBFailError?

Rolls Back updates if any errors Occurs.

38. What are the record set types?

RdOpenFowardOnly 0 (Default used only for the read
only purpose)
RdOpenStatic 1
RdOpenDynamic 2
RdOpenKeySet 3 (Normally used for the live project)

39. What is the diff between RDO and ADO?

RDO is Hierarchy model where as ADO is Object model.
ADO can access
data from both flat files as well as the data bases.
I.e., It is
encapsulation of DAO, RDO , OLE that is why we call it
as OLE-DB
Technology.

40. Diff types of Lock Types?

RdConcurReadOnly 0 (Default)
RdConcurLock 1 (Pessimistic Locking)
RdConcurRowver 2 (Optimistic Lociking)
RdConcurValues 3
RdConcurBatch 4

41. What are the scopes of the class?

Public, private, Friend

42. Have you create Properties and Methods for your
own Controls?

Properties Public variable of a Class
Method Public procedure of a class

43. Private Dim x as integer. Valid ?

Private cannot be used in front of DIM.

44. Different type of Instantiation?

Private Only for the Specific Module.
Public not creatable Private & Public
Multi Use - Variable we have to declare.
Single Use Not possible through dll.
Global Multiuse Have variable not Required to Declare.
Global Single Use - Only for exe.

45. What are the different types of Dialog Box?

Predefined, Custom, User Defined.

46. What is Seek Method which type of record set is
available this?

Only in DbOpenTables.
Syntax: rs.index = "empno"
rs.seek "=" , 10
If with our setting the rs.index then run time error
will occur.

47. What is Zorder Method?

Object.Zorder = 1 or 0 Place a Specified mdiform form
or control at
the front or back of the z-order with n its Graphical
Level.

48. Can us able to set Instancing properties like
Singleuse,
GlobalSingleuse to ActiveXDll?

No.

49. What are properties available in Clip Board?

No Properties Available. Only the methods they are
SetText, GetText,
Setdata(), Getformat(), Clear.

50. What is the different between Microsoft ODBC
Driver and Oracle
OBDC Driver?

Microsoft ODBC driver will support all the methods and
properties of
Visual Basic. Where as the Oracle not.

51. What the RDO Methods and Events?

Methods Events
Begin Trans Validate
Commit Trans Reposition
Rollback Trans Error
Cancel Query Complied
Refresh
Update Controls
Update row

52. What is MAPI ?

Messaging Application programming Interface.

53. What is MDI form?

MDI Styles?

54. What are the locks available in Visual Basic?

Locking is the process by which a DBMS restricts
access to a row in
a multi-user environment 4 types of locks. They are
1. Batch Optimistic
2. Optimistic
3. Pessimistic
4. ReadOnly
Operations in a relational database act on a complete
set of rows.
The set of rows returned by a SELECT statement
consists of all the
rows that satisfy the conditions in the WHERE clause
of the
statement. This complete set of rows returned by the
statement is
known as the result set.
Applications, especially those that are interactive
and online,
cannot always work effectively with the entire result
set as a unit.
These applications need a mechanism to work with one
row or a small
block of rows at a time. Cursors are an extension to
result sets
that provide that mechanism.
Cursor or lock type Advantages Disadvantages
AdOpenForwardOnly
(Default) Low resource requirements Cannot scroll
backward No data
concurrency AdOpenStatic Scrollable (Wont detect
changes made at the
same time by another application) No data concurrency
AdOpenKeyset
Some data concurrency Scrollable Higher resource
requirements Not
available in disconnected scenario AdOpenDynamic High
data
concurrency Scrollable Highest resource requirements
Not available
in disconnected scenario AdLockReadOnly Low resource
requirements
Highly scalable Data not updatable through cursor
AdLockBatchOptimistic Batch updates Allows
disconnected scenarios
Other users able to access data Data can be changed by
multiple
users at once AdLockPessimistic Data cannot be changed
by other
users while locked Prevents other users from accessing
data while
locked AdLockOptimistic Other users able to access
data Data can be
changed by multiple users at once

55. Diff type of Datatypes?

LOB (Large Object Data type).
CLOB (Stores Character Objects).
BLOB ( Store Binary Objects such as Graphic, Video
Chips and Sound
files).
BFILE(Store file pointers to LOB It may Contain
filename for photo's
store on CD_ROM).

56. What is Tabstrip control?

Libraries of procedure external to the application but
can be called
from the application.

57. What is Static Variable?

Its Scope will be available through out the life time.

58. What is DBSqlPassThrough?

It will By Passing the Jet Query Processor.

59. What is the starting Index value? How to locate
it?

It is tab control to place our controls with in the
form in multiple
sheets.
Index starts with 1.
And to identify If Tabstrip1.SelectedItem.
Index = 1 Then ..
End if

60. What is Parser Bug?

It is difficult to use database objects declared in a
module from
within a form.

61. What is keyword used to compare to objects?

ISOperator Returns Boolean.

62. Suppose from form1 to form2 object property
settings will arise
to ?

Invalid procedure call or argument (Run time error 5)

63. What is the return type of Instr and Strcmp?

Instr integer (Numeric position)
Strcmp - integer ( if both the string are equal they
result = 0)
Strcmp (Str1, Str2, Comparetype)
Comparing mode = 0 Binary Comparing
1 Textual Comparing

64. What is Implicit?

Instance of specific copy of a class with its own
settings for the
properties defined in that class.
Note: The implicitly defined variable is never equal
to nothing.

65. What is Inprocess and Out of Process?

Inprocess It will run with in the memory. ( Local
Machine). Out of
Process It will run out of the memory Normally in the
server side.

66. Where will we give the option explicit keyword and
for what?

In the general declarations section. To trap
undeclared variables.

67. How can we call Stored procedure of Back End in
RDO and ADO ?

In RDO We can call using RDO Query Objects.
In ADO We can call using Command Objects.

68. What is Static Cursor?

In ADO Snap Shot is called so.

69. How to check the condition in Msgbox?

If(Msgbox("Do you want to delete this
Record",VbYesNo)=VbYes)Then
End if

70. What is control array and how many we can have it
with in the
form?

Group of control share the same name. Max 32, 767.

71. What is diff between the Generic Variable and
Specific Variable?

Generic Variable:
Create Object Ex:-Ole-Automation . No need refer the
object library.
Specific Variable:
Binding Procedure Early and Late Binding ( Can be
Remove from the
Memory).

72. What is the diff. Between function and sub
procedures?

Function will return value but a sub procedure wont
return values

73. What is the max size allowed for Extension in
Visual Basic?

Frm, bas, cls, res, vbx, ocx, frx, vbp, exe

74. What is FireHouse Cursors?

Forward Only Some time Updateable

75. With in the form we want to check all the text box
control are
typed or not? How?

For each currentcontrol in controls
if typeof currentcontrol is TextBox then
end if
next

76. What are the type of validation available in VB?

Field, Form

77. How to trap Data Base Error?

Dim x as RDOError
X(0).Des
X(1).Number

Setting the Cursors.
Default Cursor 0
ODBC Cursor (Client side) 1
ServerSide Cursors (More Network traffic) - 2

78. How to declare Dll Procedure?

Declare function "" lib ""
Alias "" (Arg, ..) as Return type.

79. Referential Integrity (Take care By jet database
Engine).
Cascade Delete, Cascade Update is done setting
property of
Attributes.?

DbRelationDeleteCascade, DbRelationUpdateCascade.

80. How to increase the Date corresponding with
month,date,year?

DateSerial(year(Now),Month(Now)+1,1)
Hour, min, sec, month, year, DateSerial, dateadd,
datediff, weekday,
datevalue, timeserial,timevalue.

81. Name some date function?

Dateadd(), Datediff(), Datepart(), Cdate()

82. What is difference between datagrid and flexgrid?

Datagrid Editable. Flexigrid Non-Editable. (Generally
used for Read
only purpose.)

83. What are two validate with Data Control?

Data_Validate, Data_Error.

84. To connect the Data Control with Back end What are
all the
properties to be set?

Data source Name, Record Source Name

85. What are the Technologies for Accessing Database
from Visual
Basic?set?

DAO, Data Control, RDO, ODBCDIRECT, ADO, ODBC API ,
0040.

86. What is the diff between the Create Object and Get
object?

Create Object - To create an instance of an object.
Get Object To get the reference to an existing object.

87. What is Mask Edit and why it is used?

Control. Restricted data input as well as formatted
data output.

88. What is RdExecDirect?

Bypasses the Creation of a stored procedure to execute
the query.
Does not apply to Oracle.

89. Different type of Passing Value?

By value, By ref, Optional, Param Array. Note:-
Optional keyword
cannot be used while declaring arguments for a
function using param
array.

90. What are types of binding?

Assigning variable with defined memory space.
Late Binding - Memory size is allotted in later stage.
Ex:- Dim x as object
Early Binding - Memory size is allotted while
declaring itself. New
Key word is important.
Ex:- Dim x as New Object

91. What is Dataware Control?

Any control bound to Data Control.
Ex:- Textbox, Check Box, Picture Box, Image Control,
Label, List
box, Combo Box, DB Combo,

92. What is the default model of the form? And what is
it number?


93. Why we need OLE-Automation? Advantages?


94. What methods are used for DBGrid in unbound mode?

AddData, EditData, Readdata, WriteData.

95. What is ADO? What are its objects ?

ActiveX Data Object. ADO can access data from both
flat files as
well as the databases. I.e., It is encapsulation of
DAO, RDO, and
OLE that is why we call it as OLE-DB Technology.
Objects are
Connection, Record Set, Command, Parameter, field,
Error, Property.

96. What is the max size allowed for Max Text box
length.

32,000

97. Record set types and Number available in VB?

3.
1- Dynaset, 0 Table, 2 Snap Shot.

98. What is the max size allowed for Max Control Names
length?

255.

99. How many procedures are in VB?

2.
function and sub procedures

100. What is the max size allowed for Max label
caption length.?

2,048

101. what will be the result for 15/4 and 154 ?

15/4 = 3.75 and 154 = 3

102. What is the max size allowed for Msgbox Prompt
and Input Box?

1024

103. Calling Stored Procedures in VB?

1. Calling Simply the Procedure with out Arguments
"Call
ProcedureName}"
2. If it is with Arguments Means then
Declare the Query Def qy
Set Qy as New Query def
Qy.SQL = "{Call ProcedureName(?

104. DSN Less Connection?

"Server=Oracle; Driver={Microsoft ODBC for Oracle};"

105. Visual Basic Interview Questions only

1. 3 main differences between flexgrid control and
dbgrid control
2. ActiveX and Types of ActiveX Components in VB
3. Advantage of ActiveX Dll over Active Exe
4. Advantages of disconnected recordsets
5. Benefit of wrapping database calls into MTS
transactions
6. Benefits of using MTS
7. Can database schema be changed with DAO, RDO or
ADO?
8. Can you create a tabletype of recordset in Jet -
connected ODBC
database engine?
9. Constructors and distructors
10. Controls which do not have events
11. Default property of datacontrol
12. Define the scope of Public, Private, Friend
procedures?
13. Describe Database Connection pooling relative to
MTS
14. Describe: In of Process vs. Out of Process
component. Which is
faster?
15. Difference between a function and a subroutine,
Dynaset and
Snapshot,early and late binding, image and picture
controls,Linked
Object and Embedded Object,listbox and combo
box,Listindex and Tab
index,modal and moduless window, Object and
Class,Query unload and
unload in form, Declaration and Instantiation an
object?
16. Draw and explain Sequence Modal of DAO
17. How can objects on different threads communicate
with one
another?
18. How can you force new objects to be created on new
threads?
19. How does a DCOM component know where to
instantiate itself?
20. How to register a component?
21. How to set a shortcut key for label?
22. Kind of components can be used as DCOM servers
23. Name of the control used to call a windows
application
24. Name the four different cursor and locking types
in ADO and
describe them briefly
25. Need of zorder method, no of controls in form,
Property used to
add a menus at runtime, Property used to count number
of items in a
combobox,resize a label control according to your
caption.
26. Return value of callback function, The need of
tabindex property
27. Thread pool and management of threads within a
thread pool
28. To set the command button for ESC, Which property
needs to be
changed?
29. Type Library and what is it's purpose?
30. Types of system controls, container objects, combo
box
31. Under the ADO Command Object, what collection is
responsible for
input to stored procedures?
32. VB and Object Oriented Programming
33. What are the ADO objects? Explain them.
34. What are the different compatibility types when we
create a COM
component?
35. What do ByVal and ByRef mean and which is the
default?
36. What does Option Explicit refer to?
37. What does the Implements statement do?
38. What is OLE and DDE? Explain.
39. What is the difference between Msgbox Statement
and MsgboxQ
function?
40. What keyword is associated with raising system
level events in
VB?
41. What methods are called from the ObjectContext
object to inform
MTS that the transaction was successful or
unsuccessful?
42. What types of data access have you used.
43. What was introduced to Visual Basic to allow the
use of Callback
Functions?
44. Which controls can not be placed in MDI?
45. Which controls have refresh method, clear method
46. Which Property is used to compress a image in
image control?
47. Which property of menu cannot be set at run time?
48. Which property of textbox cannot be changed at
runtime and
What's the maximum size of a textbox?
49. Which tool is used to configure the port range and
protocols for
DCOM communications?
50. What is Dll?
51. Question How many images can be placed in the
image list?
52. What is the result of Null * Any value = 0 (Zero)?

1.Study the Following Points:
a.One Cannot Take the address of a Bit Field
b.bit fields cannot be arrayed
c.Bit-Fields are machine Dependant
d.Bit-fields cannot be declared as static
Which of the Following Statements are true w.r.t Bit-Fields
A)a,b&c B)Only a & b C)Only c D)All

2.What is the function of ceil(X) defined in math.h do?
A)It returns the value rounded down to the next lower integer
B)it returns the value rounded up to the next higher integer
C)the Next Higher Value
D)the next lower value

3.When do you say that a digraph is acyclic
A)if and only if its first search does not have back arcs
B)a digraph is acyclic if and only if its first search does not have back vertices
C)if and only if its first search does not have same dfnumber
D)None of these

4.A function 'q' that accepts a pointer to a character as argument and returns a pointer to an array of integer can be declared as:
A)int (*q(char*)) []
B)int *q(char*) []
C)int(*q)(char*) []
D)None of the Above

5.What kind of sorting is this:

SORT (k,n)
1.[Loop on I Index]
repeat thru step2 for i=1,2,........n-1
2.[For each pass,get small value]
min=i;
repeat for j=i+1 to N do
{
if K[j]min=j;
}
temp=K;K=K[min];K[min]=temp;
3.[Sorted Values will be returned]

A)Bubble Sort
B)Quick Sort
C)Selection Sort
D)Merge Sort

6.Which of the Following is not defined in string.h?
A)strspn()
B)strerror()
C)memchr()
D)strod()

7.Identify the correct argument for the function call fflush() in ANSI C:
A)stdout
B)stdin
C)stderr
D)All the above

8.Which of the Following will define a type NODE that is a node in a Linked list?
A)struct node {NODE*next;int x;};type def struct node NODE;
B)typedef struct NODE {struct NODE *next;int x;};
C)typedef struct NODE {NODE *next;int x;};
D)typedef struct {NODE *next;int x;}NODE;


9.Which of these statements are false w.r.t File Functions?
i)fputs() ii)fdopen() iii)fgetpos() iv)ferror()

A)ii B)i,ii C)iii D)iv

10.Study the code:
void show()
main()
{
show();
}
void show (char *s)
{
printf("%s\n",s);
}

What will happen if it is compiled & run on an ANSI C Compiler?
A)It will compile & nothing will be printed when it is executed
B)it will compile but not link
C)the compiler will generate an error
D)the compiler will generate a warning

11.Look at the Code:
#include
void main()
{
char s1[]="abcd";
char s2[10];
char s3[]="efgh";
int i;
clrscr();
i=strcmp(strcat(s3,ctrcpy(s2,s1))strcat(s3,"abcd"));
printf("%d",i);
}

What will be the output?
A)No output B) A Non Integer C)0 D) Garbage

12.Look at the Code:
main()
{
int a[]={1,2,3},i;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf("%d",*a);
a++;
}
}

Which Statement is/are True w.r.t the above code?
I.Executes Successfully & Prints the contents of the array
II.Gives the Error:Lvalue Required
III.The address of the array should not be changed
IV.None of the Above.

A)Only I B)Only II C)II & III D)IV

13.what is the output?
#define fun(a,b,t) (g ##t=(a),(a)=(b),(b)=g##t)
float gfloat;
main()
{
float a=1.12,b=3.14;
fun (a,b,float);
printf("\na=%4.2f,b=%4.2f",a,b);
}

A)Error in Defining Macro
B)a=1.12,b=3.14
C)a=3.14,b=1.12
D)None of teh Above

14.study the code:
#include
void main()
{
const int a=100;
int *p;
p=&a;
(*p)++;
printf("a=%d\n(*p)=%d\n",a,*p);
}
What is printed?

A)100,101 B)100,100 C)101,101 D)None of the above

15.Which of the following are valid "include" formats?
A)#include and #include[file.h]
B)#include (file.h) and #include
C)#include [file.h] and #include "file.h"
D)#include and #include "file.h"

C/C++ Questions

1. What is the output of printf("%d")
2. What will happen if I say delete this
3. Difference between "C structure" and "C++ structure".
4. Diffrence between a "assignment operator" and a "copy constructor"
5. What is the difference between "overloading" and "overridding"?
6. Explain the need for "Virtual Destructor".
7. Can we have "Virtual Constructors"?
8. What are the different types of polymorphism?
9. What are Virtual Functions? How to implement virtual functions in "C"
10. What are the different types of Storage classes?
11. What is Namespace?
12. What are the types of STL containers?.
13. Difference between "vector" and "array"?
14. How to write a program such that it will delete itself after exectution?
15. Can we generate a C++ source code from the binary file?
16. What are inline functions?
17. Talk sometiming about profiling?
18. How many lines of code you have written for a single program?
19. What is "strstream" ?
20. How to write Multithreaded applications using C++?
21. Explain "passing by value", "passing by pointer" and "passing by reference"
22. Write any small program that will compile in "C" but not in "C++"
23. Have you heard of "mutable" keyword?
24. What is a "RTTI"?
25. Is there something that I can do in C and not in C++?
26. Why preincrement operator is faster than postincrement?
27. What is the difference between "calloc" and "malloc"?
28. What will happen if I allocate memory using "new" and free it using "free" or allocate sing "calloc" and free it using "delete"?
29. What is Memory Alignment?
30. Explain working of printf.
31. Difference between "printf" and "sprintf".
32. What is "map" in STL?
33. When shall I use Multiple Inheritance?
34. What are the techniques you use for debugging?
35. How to reduce a final size of executable?
36. Give 2 examples of a code optimization.

What is the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE)?
What are the main benefits of the J2EE platform?
Can the J2EE platform interoperate with other WS-I implementations?
What technologies are included in the J2EE platform?
What's new in the J2EE 1.4 platform?
What is the J2EE 1.4 SDK?
Which version of the platform should I use now -- 1.4 or 1.3?
Can applications written for the J2EE platform v1.3 run in a J2EE platform v1.4 implementation?
How is the J2EE architecture and the Sun Java Enterprise System related?
Can I get the source for the Sun Java System Application Server?
How can I learn about the J2EE platform?
What tools can I use to build J2EE applications?
Who needs the J2EE platform?
What do you mean by "Free"?
Is support "Free"?
Are there compatibility tests for the J2EE platform?
What is the difference between being a J2EE licensee and being J2EE compatible?
What is the relationship of the Apache Tomcat open-source application server to the J2EE SDK?
Q: What is the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE)?

The Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) is a set of coordinated specifications and practices that together enable solutions for developing, deploying, and managing multi-tier server-centric applications. Building on the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE), the J2EE platform adds the capabilities necessary to provide a complete, stable, secure, and fast Java platform to the enterprise level. It provides value by significantly reducing the cost and complexity of developing and deploying multi-tier solutions, resulting in services that can be rapidly deployed and easily enhanced.

Q: What are the main benefits of the J2EE platform?

The J2EE platform provides the following:

Complete Web services support. The J2EE platform provides a framework for developing and deploying web services on the Java platform. The Java API for XML-based RPC (JAX-RPC) enables Java technology developers to develop SOAP based interoperable and portable web services. Developers use the standard JAX-RPC programming model to develop SOAP based web service clients and endpoints. A web service endpoint is described using a Web Services Description Language (WSDL) document. JAX-RPC enables JAX-RPC clients to invoke web services developed across heterogeneous platforms. In a similar manner, JAX-RPC web service endpoints can be invoked by heterogeneous clients. For more info, see http://java.sun.com/webservices/.


Faster solutions delivery time to market. The J2EE platform uses "containers" to simplify development. J2EE containers provide for the separation of business logic from resource and lifecycle management, which means that developers can focus on writing business logic -- their value add -- rather than writing enterprise infrastructure. For example, the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) container (implemented by J2EE technology vendors) handles distributed communication, threading, scaling, transaction management, etc. Similarly, Java Servlets simplify web development by providing infrastructure for component, communication, and session management in a web container that is integrated with a web server.

Freedom of choice. J2EE technology is a set of standards that many vendors can implement. The vendors are free to compete on implementations but not on standards or APIs. Sun supplies a comprehensive J2EE Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) to J2EE licensees. The J2EE CTS helps ensure compatibility among the application vendors which helps ensure portability for the applications and components written for the J2EE platform. The J2EE platform brings Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) to the server.

Simplified connectivity. J2EE technology makes it easier to connect the applications and systems you already have and bring those capabilities to the web, to cell phones, and to devices. J2EE offers Java Message Service for integrating diverse applications in a loosely coupled, asynchronous way. The J2EE platform also offers CORBA support for tightly linking systems through remote method calls. In addition, the J2EE platform has J2EE Connectors for linking to enterprise information systems such as ERP systems, packaged financial applications, and CRM applications.

By offering one platform with faster solution delivery time to market, freedom of choice, and simplified connectivity, the J2EE platform helps IT by reducing TCO and simultaneously avoiding single-source for their enterprise software needs.
Q: Can the J2EE platform interoperate with other WS-I implementations?

Yes, if the other implementations are WS-I compliant.

Q: What technologies are included in the J2EE platform?

The primary technologies in the J2EE platform are: Java API for XML-Based RPC (JAX-RPC), JavaServer Pages, Java Servlets, Enterprise JavaBeans components, J2EE Connector Architecture, J2EE Management Model, J2EE Deployment API, Java Management Extensions (JMX), J2EE Authorization Contract for Containers, Java API for XML Registries (JAXR), Java Message Service (JMS), Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI), Java Transaction API (JTA), CORBA, and JDBC data access API.

Q: What's new in the J2EE 1.4 platform?

The Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition version 1.4 features complete Web services support through the new JAX-RPC 1.1 API, which supports service endpoints based on servlets and enterprise beans. JAX-RPC 1.1 provides interoperability with Web services based on the WSDL and SOAP protocols. The J2EE 1.4 platform also supports the Web Services for J2EE specification (JSR 921), which defines deployment requirements for Web services and utilizes the JAX-RPC programming model. In addition to numerous Web services APIs, J2EE 1.4 platform also features support for the WS-I Basic Profile 1.0. This means that in addition to platform independence and complete Web services support, J2EE 1.4 offers platform Web services interoperability.

The J2EE 1.4 platform also introduces the J2EE Management 1.0 API, which defines the information model for J2EE management, including the standard Management EJB (MEJB). The J2EE Management 1.0 API uses the Java Management Extensions API (JMX). The J2EE 1.4 platform also introduces the J2EE Deployment 1.1 API, which provides a standard API for deployment of J2EE applications.

The J2EE platform now makes it easier to develop web front ends with enhancements to Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technologies. Servlets now support request listeners and enhanced filters. JSP technology has simplified the page and extension development models with the introduction of a simple expression language, tag files, and a simpler tag extension API, among other features. This makes it easier than ever for developers to build JSP-enabled pages, especially those who are familiar with scripting languages.

Other enhancements to the J2EE platform include the J2EE Connector Architecture, which provides incoming resource adapter and Java Message Service (JMS) pluggability. New features in Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) technology include Web service endpoints, a timer service, and enhancements to EJB QL and message-driven beans. The J2EE 1.4 platform also includes enhancements to deployment descriptors. They are now defined using XML Schema which can also be used by developers to validate their XML structures.

Q: What is the J2EE 1.4 SDK?

The Java 2 SDK, Enterprise Edition 1.4 (J2EE 1.4 SDK) is a complete package for developing and deploying J2EE 1.4 applications. The J2EE 1.4 SDK contains the Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8, the J2SE 1.4.2 SDK, J2EE 1.4 platform API documentation, and a slew of samples to help developers learn about the J2EE platform and technologies and prototype J2EE applications. The J2EE 1.4 SDK is for both development and deployment.

Q: Which version of the platform should I use now -- 1.4 or 1.3?

The J2EE 1.4 specification is final and you can use the J2EE 1.4 SDK to deploy applications today. However, for improved reliability,scability, and performance, it is recommended that you deploy your applications on J2EE 1.4 commercial implementations that will be available early in 2004. If you want to deploy your application before 2004, and reliability,scability, and performance are critical, you should consider using a high performance application server that supports J2EE v1.3 such as the Sun Java System Application Server 7. Many application server vendors are expected to release J2EE platform v1.4 versions of their product before the spring.

Q: Can applications written for the J2EE platform v1.3 run in a J2EE platform v1.4 implementation?

J2EE applications that are written to the J2EE 1.3 specification will run in a J2EE 1.4 implementation. Backwards compatibility is a requirement of the specification.

Q: How is the J2EE architecture and the Sun Java Enterprise System related?

The J2EE architecture is the foundation of the Sun Java System Application Server, a component of the Sun Java Enterprise System. The Sun Java System Application Server in the current Sun Java Enterprise System is based on the J2EE platform v1.3, with additional support for Web services. Developers familiar with J2EE technology can easily apply their skills to building applications, including Web services applications, using the Sun Java Enterprise System. For more information, see the Sun Java Enterprise System Web site.

Q: Can I get the source for the Sun Java System Application Server?

You can get the source for the J2EE 1.4.1 Reference Implementation from the Sun Community Source Licensing site. The J2EE 1.4.1 Reference Implementation is the Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 minus the following components:

The installer
The Web-based administration GUI
JavaServer Faces 1.0 and JSTL 1.1
Solaris specific enhancements for security and logging
Higher performance message queue implementation

Q: How can I learn about the J2EE platform?

For more information about the J2EE platform and how to get the specification, see http://java.sun.com/j2ee/.

The most effective way to learn about the J2EE platform and what's new in the J2EE 1.4 platform is to get hands on experience with the APIs by using the J2EE 1.4 SDK. The J2EE 1.4 SDK provides a J2EE 1.4 compatible application server as the foundation to develop and deploy Web services enabled, multi-tier enterprise applications. You can download the J2EE 1.4 SDK from http://java.sun.com/j2ee/1.4/download.html

For beginners, the J2EE documentation page provides links to a wide variety of self-paced learning materials, such as tutorials and FAQs.

Developers looking for more advanced material should consult the Java BluePrints for the enterprise. The Java BluePrints for the enterprise are the best practices philosophy for the design and building of J2EE-based applications. The design guidelines document provides two things. First, it provides the philosophy of building n-tier applications on the Java 2 platform. Second, it provides a set of design patterns for designing these applications, as well as a set of examples or recipes on how to build the applications.

Sun educational services also provides many training courses, which can lead to can lead to one of three certifications: Sun Certified Web Component Developer, Sun Certified Business Component Developer, or Sun Certified Enterprise Architect.

What tools can I use to build J2EE applications?

There are numerous choices of tools available for developing Java and J2EE applications. You can download the Open Source NetBeans IDE for free at http://netbeans.org. Many of the J2EE compatible vendors offer tools that support any J2EE compatible application server.

Q: Who needs the J2EE platform?

ISVs need the J2EE platform because it gives them a blueprint for providing a complete enterprise computing solution on the Java platform. Enterprise developers need J2EE because writing distributed business applications is hard, and they need a high-productivity solution that allows them to focus only on writing their business logic and having a full range of enterprise-class services to rely on, like transactional distributed objects, message oriented middleware, and naming and directory services.

Q: What do you mean by "Free"?


When we say "Free" we mean that you don't pay Sun to develop or deploy the J2EE 1.4 SDK or the Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8. Free means that you don't pay Sun for supplementary materials including documentation, tutorials and/or J2EE Blueprints. You are also free to bundle and distribute (OEM) Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 with your software distribution. When we say "Free", we mean "Free for All".

Here are some examples of how you can use Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 for free.

If you are a developer you can build an application with the J2EE 1.4 SDK and then deploy it on the Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 (included with the J2EE 1.4 SDK or available separately). No matter how many developers are on your team, all of them can use the J2EE 1.4 SDK at no charge. Once your application is ready for production, you can deploy including the Sun Java System Application Server Platform 8 Edition in production on as many servers or CPUs as you want.

If you are an ISV, you don't have to pay to include Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 with your product, no matter how many copies of your software that you distribute. Bundling Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 makes good business sense because it ensures that you are distributing a J2EE 1.4 platform compatible server that doesn't lock you or your customers into a proprietary product. ISV's that wish to bundle Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 (for free of course) should contact Sun OEM sales.

If you are a System Administrator or IT manager, you can install Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 on as many servers and CPUs as you wish. Using Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 8 also gives reduced cost and complexity by saving money on licensing fees and the assurance of a J2EE 1.4 platform compatible application server that can be used with other J2EE 1.4 platform compatible application servers.

Q: Is support "Free"?

There are resources that are available for free on our site that may help you resolve your issues without requiring technical support. For example you can ask questions on our forums, search for known issues on the bug data base, review the documentation, or take a look at code samples and applications to help you at no cost.

Production support is also available for a fee through Sun Service. For more information about Developer Technical Service and Sun Service, please visit http://wwws.sun.com/software/products/appsrvr/support.html.

Q: Are there compatibility tests for the J2EE platform?

Yes. The J2EE Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) is available for the J2EE platform. The J2EE CTS contains over 5,000 tests for J2EE 1.4 and will contain more for later versions. This test suite tests compatibility by performing specific application functions and checking results. For example, to test the JDBC call to insert a row in a database, an EJB component makes a call to insert a row and then a call is made to check that the row was inserted.

Q: What is the difference between being a J2EE licensee and being J2EE compatible?

A J2EE licensee has signed a commercial distribution license for J2EE. That means the licensee has the compatibility tests and has made a commitment to compatibility. It does not mean the licensees products are necessarily compatible yet. Look for the J2EE brand which signifies that the specific branded product has passed the Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) and is compatible.

Q: What is the relationship of the Apache Tomcat open-source application server to the J2EE SDK?

Tomcat is based on the original implementation of the JavaServer Pages (JSP) and Java Servlet specifications, which was donated by Sun to the Apache Software Foundation in 1999. Sun continues to participate in development of Tomcat at Apache, focusing on keeping Tomcat current with new versions of the specifications coming out of the Java Community Source ProcessSM. Sun adapts and integrates the then-current Tomcat source code into new releases of the J2EE SDK. However, since Tomcat evolves rapidly at Apache, there are additional differences between the JSP and Servlet implementations in the J2EE SDK and in Tomcat between J2EE SDK releases. Tomcat source and binary code is governed by the ASF license, which freely allows deployment and redistribution.

What is the difference between an Abstract class and Interface ?
What is user defined exception ?
What do you know about the garbage collector ?
What is the difference between C++ & Java ?
Explain RMI Architecture?
How do you communicate in between Applets & Servlets ?
What is the use of Servlets ?
What is JDBC? How do you connect to the Database ?
In an HTML form I have a Button which makes us to open another page in 15 seconds. How will do you that ?
What is the difference between Process and Threads ?
What is the difference between RMI & Corba ?
What are the services in RMI ?
How will you initialize an Applet ?
What is the order of method invocation in an Applet ?
When is update method called ?
How will you pass values from HTML page to the Servlet ?
Have you ever used HashTable and Dictionary ?
How will you communicate between two Applets ?
What are statements in JAVA ?
What is JAR file ?
What is JNI ?
What is the base class for all swing components ?
What is JFC ?
What is Difference between AWT and Swing ?
Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What will happen if you start notepad or IE 3 times? Where 3 processes are started or 3 threads are started ?
How does thread synchronization occurs inside a monitor ?
How will you call an Applet using a Java Script function ?
Is there any tag in HTML to upload and download files ?
Why do you Canvas ?
How can you push data from an Applet to Servlet ?
What are 4 drivers available in JDBC ?
How you can know about drivers and database information ?
If you are truncated using JDBC, How can you know ..that how much data is truncated ?
And What situation , each of the 4 drivers used ?
How will you perform transaction using JDBC ?
In RMI, server object first loaded into the memory and then the stub reference is sent to the client ? or whether a stub reference is directly sent to the client ?
Suppose server object is not loaded into the memory, and the client request for it , what will happen?
What is serialization ?
Can you load the server object dynamically? If so, what are the major 3 steps involved in it ?
What is difference RMI registry and OSAgent ?
To a server method, the client wants to send a value 20, with this value exceeds to 20,. a message should be sent to the client ? What will you do for achieving for this ?
What are the benefits of Swing over AWT ?
Where the CardLayout is used ?
What is the Layout for ToolBar ?
What is the difference between Grid and GridbagLayout ?
How will you add panel to a Frame ?
What is the corresponding Layout for Card in Swing ?
What is light weight component ?
Can you run the product development on all operating systems ?
What is the webserver used for running the Servlets ?
What is Servlet API used for connecting database ?
What is bean ? Where it can be used ?
What is difference in between Java Class and Bean ?
Can we send object using Sockets ?
What is the RMI and Socket ?
How to communicate 2 threads each other ?
What are the files generated after using IDL to Java Compilet ?
What is a platform?
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the operating system and hardware, like Windows 2000/XP, Linux, Solaris, and MacOS.

What is the main difference between Java platform and other platforms?
The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that it's a software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.

The Java platform has two components:

The Java Virtual Machine (Java VM)
The Java Application Programming Interface (Java API)
What is the Java Virtual Machine?
The Java Virtual Machine is a software that can be ported onto various hardware-based platforms.

What is the Java API?
The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets.

What is the package?
The package is a Java namespace or part of Java libraries. The Java API is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as packages.

What is native code?
The native code is code that after you compile it, the compiled code runs on a specific hardware platform.

Is Java code slower than native code?
Not really. As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform can be a bit slower than native code. However, smart compilers, well-tuned interpreters, and just-in-time bytecode compilers can bring performance close to that of native code without threatening portability.

What is the serialization?
The serialization is a kind of mechanism that makes a class or a bean persistence by having its properties or fields and state information saved and restored to and from storage.

How to make a class or a bean serializable?
By implementing either the java.io.Serializable interface, or the java.io.Externalizable interface. As long as one class in a class's inheritance hierarchy implements Serializable or Externalizable, that class is serializable.

How many methods in the Serializable interface?
There is no method in the Serializable interface. The Serializable interface acts as a marker, telling the object serialization tools that your class is serializable.

How many methods in the Externalizable interface?
There are two methods in the Externalizable interface. You have to implement these two methods in order to make your class externalizable. These two methods are readExternal() and writeExternal().

What is the difference between Serializalble and Externalizable interface?
When you use Serializable interface, your class is serialized automatically by default. But you can override writeObject() and readObject() two methods to control more complex object serailization process. When you use Externalizable interface, you have a complete control over your class's serialization process.

What is a transient variable?
A transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized. If you don't want some field not to be serialized, you can mark that field transient or static.

Which containers use a border layout as their default layout?
The window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.

How are Observer and Observable used?
Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects.

What is synchronization and why is it important?
With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object's value. This often causes dirty data and leads to significant errors.

What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?
Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement.

What are three ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?
A thread can enter the waiting state by invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method. It can also enter the waiting state by invoking its (deprecated) suspend() method.

Can a lock be acquired on a class?
Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the class's Class object.

What's new with the stop(), suspend() and resume() methods in JDK 1.2?
The stop(), suspend() and resume() methods have been deprecated in JDK 1.2.

What is the preferred size of a component?
The preferred size of a component is the minimum component size that will allow the component to display normally.

What method is used to specify a container's layout?
The setLayout() method is used to specify a container's layout.

Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?
The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.

What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing?
When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state.

What is the Collections API?
The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects.

What is the List interface?
The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.

How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?
It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation.

What is the Vector class?
The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects

What modifiers may be used with an inner class that is a member of an outer class?
A (non-local) inner class may be declared as public, protected, private, static, final, or abstract.

If a method is declared as protected, where may the method be accessed?
A protected method may only be accessed by classes or interfaces of the same package or by subclasses of the class in which it is declared.

What is an Iterator interface?
The Iterator interface is used to step through the elements of a Collection.

How many bits are used to represent Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16, and UTF-8 characters?
Unicode requires 16 bits and ASCII require 7 bits. Although the ASCII character set uses only 7 bits, it is usually represented as 8 bits. UTF-8 represents characters using 8, 16, and 18 bit patterns. UTF-16 uses 16-bit and larger bit patterns.

What is the difference between yielding and sleeping?
When a task invokes its yield() method, it returns to the ready state. When a task invokes its sleep() method, it returns to the waiting state.

Is sizeof a keyword?
The sizeof operator is not a keyword.

What are wrapped classes?
Wrapped classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects.

Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?
No, it doesn't. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection

What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.

Name Component subclasses that support painting.
The Canvas, Frame, Panel, and Applet classes support painting.

What is a native method?
A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.

How can you write a loop indefinitely?
for(;--for loop; while(true)--always true, etc.

Can an anonymous class be declared as implementing an interface and extending a class?
An anonymous class may implement an interface or extend a superclass, but may not be declared to do both.

What is the purpose of finalization?
The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected.

Which class is the superclass for every class.
Object

What invokes a thread's run() method?
After a thread is started, via its start() method or that of the Thread class, the JVM invokes the thread's run() method when the thread is initially executed.

What is the difference between the Boolean & operator and the && operator?
If an expression involving the Boolean & operator is evaluated, both operands are evaluated. Then the & operator is applied to the operand. When an expression involving the && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluated. If the first operand returns a value of true then the second operand is evaluated. The && operator is then applied to the first and second operands. If the first operand evaluates to false, the evaluation of the second operand is skipped.
Operator & has no chance to skip both sides evaluation and && operator does. If asked why, give details as above.

What is the GregorianCalendar class?
The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars.

What is the SimpleTimeZone class?
The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar.

Which Container method is used to cause a container to be laid out and redisplayed?
validate()

What is the Properties class?
The properties class is a subclass of Hashtable that can be read from or written to a stream. It also provides the capability to specify a set of default values to be used.

What is the purpose of the Runtime class?
The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system.

What is the purpose of the System class?
The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources.

What is the purpose of the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement?
The finally clause is used to provide the capability to execute code no matter whether or not an exception is thrown or caught.

What is the Locale class?
The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region.

What must a class do to implement an interface?
It must provide all of the methods in the interface and identify the interface in its implements clause.

What is the purpose of the wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods?
The wait(),notify(), and notifyAll() methods are used to provide an efficient way for threads to communicate each other.

What is an abstract method?
An abstract method is a method whose implementation is deferred to a subclass. Or, a method that has no implementation (an interface of a method).

What is a static method?
A static method is a method that belongs to the class rather than any object of the class and doesn't apply to an object or even require that any objects of the class have been instantiated.

What is a protected method?
A protected method is a method that can be accessed by any method in its package and inherited by any subclass of its class.

What are the high-level thread states?
The high-level thread states are ready, running, waiting, and dead.

What is the difference between a static and a non-static inner class?
A non-static inner class may have object instances that are associated with instances of the class's outer class. A static inner class does not have any object instances.

What is an object's lock and which object's have locks?
An object's lock is a mechanism that is used by multiple threads to obtain synchronized access to the object. A thread may execute a synchronized method of an object only after it has acquired the object's lock. All objects and classes have locks. A class's lock is acquired on the class's Class object.

When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?
An object reference be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced interface.

What is the difference between a Window and a Frame?
The Frame class extends Window to define a main application window that can have a menu bar.

What do heavy weight components mean?
Heavy weight components like Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), depend on the local windowing toolkit. For example, java.awt.Button is a heavy weight component, when it is running on the Java platform for Unix platform, it maps to a real Motif button. In this relationship, the Motif button is called the peer to the java.awt.Button. If you create two Buttons, two peers and hence two Motif Buttons are also created. The Java platform communicates with the Motif Buttons using the Java Native Interface. For each and every component added to the application, there is an additional overhead tied to the local windowing system, which is why these components are called heavy weight.

Which package has light weight components?
javax.Swing package. All components in Swing, except JApplet, JDialog, JFrame and JWindow are lightweight components.

What are peerless components?
The peerless components are called light weight components.

What is the difference between the Font and FontMetrics classes?
The FontMetrics class is used to define implementation-specific properties, such as ascent and descent, of a Font object.

What happens when a thread cannot acquire a lock on an object?
If a thread attempts to execute a synchronized method or synchronized statement and is unable to acquire an object's lock, it enters the waiting state until the lock becomes available.

What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?
The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented.

What classes of exceptions may be caught by a catch clause?
A catch clause can catch any exception that may be assigned to the Throwable type. This includes the Error and Exception types.

What is the difference between throw and throws keywords?
The throw keyword denotes a statement that causes an exception to be initiated. It takes the Exception object to be thrown as argument. The exception will be caught by an immediately encompassing try-catch construction or propagated further up the calling hierarchy.

The throws keyword is a modifier of a method that designates that exceptions may come out of the mehtod, either by virtue of the method throwing the exception itself or because it fails to catch such exceptions that a method it calls may throw.

If a class is declared without any access modifiers, where may the class be accessed?
A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package or friendly access. This means that the class can only be accessed by other classes and interfaces that are defined within the same package.

What is the Map interface?
The Map interface replaces the JDK 1.1 Dictionary class and is used associate keys with values.

Does a class inherit the constructors of its superclass?
A class does not inherit constructors from any of its superclasses.

Name primitive Java types.
The primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and boolean.

Which class should you use to obtain design information about an object?
The Class class is used to obtain information about an object's design.

How can a GUI component handle its own events?
A component can handle its own events by implementing the required event-listener interface and adding itself as its own event listener.

How are the elements of a GridBagLayout organized?
The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the elements are of different sizes and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes.

What advantage do Java's layout managers provide over traditional windowing systems?
Java uses layout managers to lay out components in a consistent manner across all windowing platforms. Since Java's layout managers aren't tied to absolute sizing and positioning, they are able to accommodate platform-specific differences among windowing systems.

What are the problems faced by Java programmers who don't use layout managers?
Without layout managers, Java programmers are faced with determining how their GUI will be displayed across multiple windowing systems and finding a common sizing and positioning that will work within the constraints imposed by each windowing system.

What is the difference between static and non-static variables?
A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.

What is the difference between the paint() and repaint() methods?
The paint() method supports painting via a Graphics object. The repaint() method is used to cause paint() to be invoked by the AWT painting thread.

What is the purpose of the File class?
The File class is used to create objects that provide access to the files and directories of a local file system.

How does multithreading take place on a computer with a single CPU?
The operating system's task scheduler allocates execution time to multiple tasks. By quickly switching between executing tasks, it creates the impression that tasks execute sequentially.

What restrictions are placed on method overloading?
Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types.

What restrictions are placed on method overriding?
Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type. The overriding method may not limit the access of the method it overrides. The overriding method may not throw any exceptions that may not be thrown by the overridden method.

What is casting?
There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference.

Name Container classes.
Window, Frame, Dialog, FileDialog, Panel, Applet, or ScrollPane

What class allows you to read objects directly from a stream?
The ObjectInputStream class supports the reading of objects from input streams.

How are this() and super() used with constructors?
this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor.

How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be equal under the == operator?
The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same object in memory. It is possible for two String objects to have the same value, but located indifferent areas of memory.

What an I/O filter?
An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.

What is the Set interface?
The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements.

What is the List interface?
The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.

What is the purpose of the enableEvents() method?
The enableEvents() method is used to enable an event for a particular object. Normally, an event is enabled when a listener is added to an object for a particular event. The enableEvents() method is used by objects that handle events by overriding their event-dispatch methods.

What is the difference between the File and RandomAccessFile classes?
The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The RandomAccessFile class provides the methods needed to directly access data contained in any part of a file.

What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a stream as an object?
An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface before it can be written to a stream as an object.

What is the ResourceBundle class?
The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a program to tailor the program's appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run.

What is the difference between a Scrollbar and a ScrollPane?
A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container. A ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles its own events and performs its own scrolling.

What is a Java package and how is it used?
A Java package is a naming context for classes and interfaces. A package is used to create a separate name space for groups of classes and interfaces. Packages are also used to organize related classes and interfaces into a single API unit and to control accessibility to these classes and interfaces.

What are the Object and Class classes used for?
The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class class is used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program.

What is Serialization and deserialization?
Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream.
Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects.

what is tunnelling?
Tunnelling is a route to somewhere. For example, RMI tunnelling is a way to make RMI application get through firewall. In CS world, tunnelling means a way to transfer data.

Does the code in finally block get executed if there is an exception and a return statement in a catch block?
If an exception occurs and there is a return statement in catch block, the finally block is still executed. The finally block will not be executed when the System.exit(1) statement is executed earlier or the system shut down earlier or the memory is used up earlier before the thread goes to finally block.

How you restrict a user to cut and paste from the html page?
Using javaScript to lock keyboard keys. It is one of solutions.

Is Java a super set of JavaScript?
No. They are completely different. Some syntax may be similar.

What is a Container in a GUI?
A Container contains and arranges other components (including other containers) through the use of layout managers, which use specific layout policies to determine where components should go as a function of the size of the container.

How the object oriented approach helps us keep complexity of software development under control?
We can discuss such issue from the following aspects:

Objects allow procedures to be encapsulated with their data to reduce potential interference.
Inheritance allows well-tested procedures to be reused and enables changes to make once and have effect in all relevant places.
The well-defined separations of interface and implementation allows constraints to be imposed on inheriting classes while still allowing the flexibility of overriding and overloading.
What is polymorphism?
Polymorphism allows methods to be written that needn't be concerned about the specifics of the objects they will be applied to. That is, the method can be specified at a higher level of abstraction and can be counted on to work even on objects of yet unconceived classes.

What is design by contract?
The design by contract specifies the obligations of a method to any other methods that may use its services and also theirs to it. For example, the preconditions specify what the method required to be true when the method is called. Hence making sure that preconditions are. Similarly, postconditions specify what must be true when the method is finished, thus the called method has the responsibility of satisfying the post conditions.

In Java, the exception handling facilities support the use of design by contract, especially in the case of checked exceptions. The assert keyword can be used to make such contracts.

What are use cases?
A use case describes a situation that a program might encounter and what behavior the program should exhibit in that circumstance. It is part of the analysis of a program. The collection of use cases should, ideally, anticipate all the standard circumstances and many of the extraordinary circumstances possible so that the program will be robust.

Core Java Interview Questions

If you are planning to hit the job market, you may need to refresh some of the Java basic terms and techniques to prepare yourself for a technical interview. Let me offer you some of the core Java questions that you might expect during the interviews.

For most questions I’ve provided only short answers to encourage further research. I have included only questions for mid (*) and senior level (**) Java developers. These sample questions could also become handy for people who need to interview Java developers (see also the article "Interviewing Enterprise Java Developers").

30 Java Interview Questions
*Q1. How could Java classes direct program messages to the system console, but error messages, say to a file?

A. The class System has a variable out that represents the standard output, and the variable err that represents the standard error device. By default, they both point at the system console. This how the standard output could be re-directed:

Stream st = new Stream(new FileOutputStream("output.txt")); System.setErr(st); System.setOut(st);


*Q2. What's the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

A. An abstract class may contain code in method bodies, which is not allowed in an interface. With abstract classes, you have to inherit your class from it and Java does not allow multiple inheritance. On the other hand, you can implement multiple interfaces in your class.


*Q3. Why would you use a synchronized block vs. synchronized method?

A. Synchronized blocks place locks for shorter periods than synchronized methods.


*Q4. Explain the usage of the keyword transient?

A. This keyword indicates that the value of this member variable does not have to be serialized with the object. When the class will be de-serialized, this variable will be initialized with a default value of its data type (i.e. zero for integers).


*Q5. How can you force garbage collection?

A. You can't force GC, but could request it by calling System.gc(). JVM does not guarantee that GC will be started immediately.


*Q6. How do you know if an explicit object casting is needed?

A. If you assign a superclass object to a variable of a subclass's data type, you need to do explicit casting. For example:
Object a; Customer b; b = (Customer) a;

When you assign a subclass to a variable having a supeclass type, the casting is performed automatically.


*Q7. What's the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()

A. The code sleep(1000); puts thread aside for exactly one second. The code wait(1000), causes a wait of up to one second. A thread could stop waiting earlier if it receives the notify() or notifyAll() call. The method wait() is defined in the class Object and the method sleep() is defined in the class Thread.


*Q8. Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?

A. Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.


*Q9. What's the difference between constructors and other methods?

A. Constructors must have the same name as the class and can not return a value. They are only called once while regular methods could be called many times.


*Q10. Can you call one constructor from another if a class has multiple constructors

A. Yes. Use this() syntax.


*Q11. Explain the usage of Java packages.

A. This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules. It also helps resolve naming conflicts when different packages have classes with the same names. Packages access level also allows you to protect data from being used by the non-authorized classes.


*Q12. If a class is located in a package, what do you need to change in the OS environment to be able to use it?

A. You need to add a directory or a jar file that contains the package directories to the CLASSPATH environment variable. Let's say a class Employee belongs to a package com.xyz.hr; and is located in the file c:\dev\com\xyz\hr\Employee.java. In this case, you'd need to add c:\dev to the variable CLASSPATH. If this class contains the method main(), you could test it from a command prompt window as follows:
c:\>java com.xyz.hr.Employee


*Q13. What's the difference between J2SDK 1.5 and J2SDK 5.0?

A.There's no difference, Sun Microsystems just re-branded this version.


*Q14. What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method equals()?

A. I'd use the method equals() to compare the values of the Strings and the == to check if two variables point at the same instance of a String object.


*Q15. Does it matter in what order catch statements for FileNotFoundException and IOExceptipon are written?

A. Yes, it does. The FileNoFoundException is inherited from the IOException. Exception's subclasses have to be caught first.


*Q16. Can an inner class declared inside of a method access local variables of this method?

A. It's possible if these variables are final.


*Q17. What can go wrong if you replace && with & in the following code:
String a=null; if (a!=null && a.length()>10) {...}
A. A single ampersand here would lead to a NullPointerException.


*Q18. What's the main difference between a Vector and an ArrayList

A. Java Vector class is internally synchronized and ArrayList is not.



*Q19. When should the method invokeLater()be used?

A. This method is used to ensure that Swing components are updated through the event-dispatching thread.



*Q20. How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass?

A. Use the following syntax: super.myMethod(); To call a constructor of the superclass, just write super(); in the first line of the subclass's constructor.



Questions for Senior Developers follow on the next page...



30 Java Interview Questions
(...continued from previous page)

For senior-level developers:


**Q21. What's the difference between a queue and a stack?

A. Stacks works by last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues use the FIFO rule


**Q22. You can create an abstract class that contains only abstract methods. On the other hand, you can create an interface that declares the same methods. So can you use abstract classes instead of interfaces?

A. Sometimes. But your class may be a descendent of another class and in this case the interface is your only option.


**Q23. What comes to mind when you hear about a young generation in Java?

A. Garbage collection.


**Q24. What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?

A. Object cloning.


**Q25. If you're overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you might also consider?

A. hashCode()


**Q26. You are planning to do an indexed search in a list of objects. Which of the two Java collections should you use:
ArrayList or LinkedList?

A. ArrayList


**Q27. How would you make a copy of an entire Java object with its state?

A. Have this class implement Cloneable interface and call its method clone().



**Q28. How can you minimize the need of garbage collection and make the memory use more effective?

A. Use object pooling and weak object references.


**Q29. There are two classes: A and B. The class B need to inform a class A when some important event has happened. What Java technique would you use to implement it?

A. If these classes are threads I'd consider notify() or notifyAll(). For regular classes you can use the Observer interface.


*Q30. What access level do you need to specify in the class declaration to ensure that only classes from the same directory can access it?

A. You do not need to specify any access level, and Java will use a default package access level.

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Dhirubhai gave management a whole new 'ism'



Dhirubhai Ambani was no ordinary leader. He was a man who gave management a whole new "ism".

There is a new "ism" that I've been meaning to add to the vast world of words for quite a while now. Because, without exaggeration, it's a word for which no synonym can do full justice: "Dhirubhaism".

Inspired by the truly phenomenal Dhirubhai H Ambani, it denotes a characteristic, tendency or syndrome as demonstrated by its inspirer. Dhirubhai, on his part, had he been around, would have laughed heartily and declared, "Small men like me don't inspire big words!"

There you have it - now that is a classic Dhirubhaism, the tendency to disregard one's own invaluable contribution to society as significant.

I'm sure everyone who knew Dhirubhai well will have his or her own little anecdote that illustrates his unique personality. He was a person whose heart and head both worked at peak efficiency levels, all the time. And that resulted in a truly unique and remarkable work philosophy, which is what I would like to define as Dhirubhaism.

Let me explain this new "ism" with a few examples from my own experiences of working with him.

Dhirubhaism No 1: Roll up your sleeves and help. You and your team share the same DNA. Reliance, during Vimal's heady days had organized a fashion show at the Convention Hall, at Ashoka Hotel in New Delhi.

As usual, every seat in the hall was taken, and there were an equal number of impatient guests outside, waiting to be seated. I was of course completely besieged, trying to handle the ensuing confusion, chaos and protests, when to my amazement and relief, I saw Dhirubhai at the door trying to pacify the guests.

Dhirubhai at that time was already a name to reckon with and a VIP himself, but that did not stop him from rolling up his sleeves and diving in to rescue a situation that had gone out of control. Most bosses in his place would have driven up in their swank cars at the last moment and given the manager a piece of their minds. Not Dhirubhai.

When things went wrong, he was the first person to sense that the circumstances would have been beyond his team's control, rather than it being a slip on their part, as he trusted their capabilities implicitly. His first instinct was always to join his men in putting out the fire and not crucifying them for it. Sounds too good a boss to be true, doesn't he? But then, that was Dhirubhai.

Dhirubhaism No 2: Be a safety net for your team. There used to be a time when our agency Mudra was the target of some extremely vicious propaganda by our peers, when on an almost daily basis my business ethics were put on trial. I, on my part, putting on a brave front, never raised this subject during any of my meetings with Dhirubhai.

But one day, during a particularly nasty spell, he gently asked me if I needed any help in combating it. That did it. That was all the help that I needed. Overwhelmed by his concern and compassion, I told him I could cope, but the knowledge that he knew and cared for what I was going through, and that he was there for me if I ever needed him, worked wonders for my confidence.

I went back a much taller man fully armed to face whatever came my way. By letting us know that he was always aware of the trials we underwent and that he was by our side through it all, he gave us the courage we never knew we had.

Dhirubhaism No 3: The silent benefactor. This was another of his remarkable traits. When he helped someone, he never ever breathed a word about it to anyone else. There have been none among us who haven't known his kindness, yet he never went around broadcasting it.

He never used charity as a platform to gain publicity. Sometimes, he would even go to the extent of not letting the recipient know who the donor was. Such was the extent of his generosity. "Expect the unexpected" just might have been coined for him.

Dhirubhaism No 4: Dream big but dream with your eyes open. His phenomenal achievement showed India that limitations were only in the mind. And that nothing was truly unattainable for those who dreamed big.

Whenever I tried to point out to him that a task seemed too big to be accomplished, he would reply: " No is no answer!" Not only did he dream big, he taught all of us to do so too. His one-line brief to me when we began Mudra was: "Make Vimal's advertising the benchmark for fashion advertising in the country."

At that time, we were just a tiny, fledgling agency, tucked away in Ahmedabad, struggling to put a team in place. When we presented the seemingly insurmountable to him, his favourite response was always: "It's difficult but not impossible!" And he was right. We did go on to achieve the impossible.

Both in its size and scope Vimal's fashion shows were unprecedented in the country. Grand showroom openings, stunning experiments in print and poster work all combined to give the brand a truly benchmark image. But way back in 1980, no one would have believed it could have ever been possible. Except Dhirubhai.

But though he dreamed big, he was able to clearly distinguish between perception and reality and his favourite phrase "dream with your eyes open" underlined this.

He never let preset norms govern his vision, yet he worked night and day familiarizing himself with every little nitty-gritty that constituted his dreams constantly sifting the wheat from the chaff. This is how, as he put it, even though he dreamed, none of his dreams turned into nightmares. And this is what gave him the courage to move from one orbit to the next despite tremendous odds.

Dhirubhai was indeed a man of many parts, as is evident. I am sure there are many people who display some of the traits mentioned above, in their working styles as well, but Dhirubhai was one of those rare people who demonstrated all of them, all the time.

And that's what made him such a phenomenal team builder and achiever. Yes, we all need "Dhirubhaisms" in our lives to remind us that if it was possible for one person to be all this and more, we too can. And like him, go on to achieve the impossible too.

Cost/Benefit Analysis
- Evaluating Quantitatively Whether to Follow a Course of Action

How to use tool:
You may have been intensely creative in generating solutions to a problem, and rigorous in your selection of the best one available. This solution may still not be worth implementing, as you may invest a lot of time and money in solving a problem that is not worthy of this effort.

Cost/Benefit Analysis is a relatively* simple and widely used technique for deciding whether to make a change. As its name suggests, to use the technique simply add up the value of the benefits of a course of action, and subtract the costs associated with it.
Costs are either one-off, or may be ongoing. Benefits are most often received over time. We build this effect of time into our analysis by calculating a payback period. This is the time it takes for the benefits of a change to repay its costs. Many companies look for payback over a specified period of time - e.g. three years.

In its simple form, cost/benefit analysis is carried out using only financial costs and financial benefits. For example, a simple cost/benefit analysis of a road scheme would measure the cost of building the road, and subtract this from the economic benefit of improving transport links. It would not measure either the cost of environmental damage or the benefit of quicker and easier travel to work.

A more sophisticated approach to cost/benefit analysis is to try to put a financial value on these intangible costs and benefits. This can be highly subjective - is, for example, a historic water meadow worth $25,000, or is it worth $500,000 because if its environmental importance? What is the value of stress-free travel to work in the morning?

These are all questions that people have to answer, and answers that people have to defend.

The version of cost/benefit analysis we explain here is necessarily simple. Where large sums of money are involved (for example, in financial market transactions), project evaluation can become an extremely complex and sophisticated art. The fundamentals of this are explained in Principles of Corporate Finance by Richard Brealey and Stewart Myers - this is something of a 'bible' on the subject. The book is reviewed at the top of our right hand side bar.
Example:
A sales director is deciding whether to implement a new computer-based contact management and sales processing system. His department has only a few computers, and his salespeople are not computer literate. He is aware that computerized sales forces are able to contact more customers and give a higher quality of reliability and service to those customers. They are more able to meet commitments, and can work more efficiently with fulfillment and delivery staff.

His financial cost/benefit analysis is shown below
Costs:
New computer equipment:
• 10 network-ready PCs with supporting software @ $1,225 each
• 1 server @ $1,750
• 3 printers @ $600 each
• Cabling & Installation @ $2300
• Sales Support Software @ $7500
Training costs:
• Computer introduction - 8 people @ $ 200 each
• Keyboard skills - 8 people @ $ 200 each
• Sales Support System - 12 people @ $350 each
Other costs:
• Lost time: 40 man days @ $ 100 / day
• Lost sales through disruption: estimate: $10,000
• Lost sales through inefficiency during first months: estimate: $10,000
Total cost: $55,800

Benefits:
• Tripling of mail shot capacity: estimate: $20,000 / year
• Ability to sustain telesales campaigns: estimate: $10,000 / year
• Improved efficiency and reliability of follow-up: estimate: $25,000 / year
• Improved customer service and retention: estimate: $15,000 / year
• Improved accuracy of customer information: estimate: $5,000 / year
• More ability to manage sales effort: $15,000 / year
Total Benefit: $90,000/year

Payback time: $55,800 / $90,000 = 0.62 of a year = approx. 8 months

Inevitably the estimates of the benefit given by the new system are quite subjective. Despite this, the Sales Director is very likely to introduce it, given the short payback time.

Key points:
Cost/Benefit Analysis is a powerful, widely used and relatively easy tool for deciding whether to make a change.

To use the tool, firstly work out how much the change will cost to make. Then calculate the benefit you will from it.

Where costs or benefits are paid or received over time, work out the time it will take for the benefits to repay the costs.

Cost/Benefit Analysis can be carried out using only financial costs and financial benefits. You may, however, decide to include intangible items within the analysis. As you must estimate a value for these, this inevitably brings an element of subjectivity into the process.

Can an RC circuit be used as clock source for 8085?
Answer Yes, it can be used, if an accurate clock frequency is not required. Also, the component cost is low compared to LC or Crystal.

Question What are Hardware interrupts?
Answer TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5, INTR

Question Which interrupt has the highest priority?
Answer TRAP has the highest priority

What is Tri-state logic?
Answer Three Logic Levels are used and they are High, Low, High impedance state. The high and low are normal logic levels & high impedance state is electrical open circuit conditions. Tri-state logic has a third line called enable line.

How many interrupts are there in 8085?
Answer There are 12 interrupts in 8085.

Question What does Quality factor mean?
Answer The Quality factor is also defined, as Q. So it is a number, which reflects the lossness of a circuit. Higher the Q, the lower are the losses.

What happens when HLT instruction is executed in processor?
Answer The Micro Processor enters into Halt-State and the buses are tri-stated.

What is a Stack Pointer?
Answer Stack pointer is a special purpose 16-bit register in the Microprocessor, which holds the address of the top of the stack.

In 8085 name the 16 bit registers?
Answer Stack pointer and Program counter all have 16 bits.

What are the various flags used in 8085?
Answer Sign flag, Zero flag, Auxillary flag, Parity flag, Carry flag.

Question What are Software interrupts?
Answer RST0, RST1, RST2, RST3, RST4, RST5, RST6, RST7.

Question: Which interrupt is not level-sensitive in 8085?
Answer: RST 7.5 is a raising edge-triggering interrupt.

Question: What are level-triggering interrupt?
Answer: RST 6.5 & RST 5.5 are level-triggering interrupts.

Question: What is the RST for the TRAP?
Answer: RST 4.5 is called as TRAP.

Question: What is Program counter?
Answer: Program counter holds the address of either the first byte of the next instruction to be fetched for execution or the address of the next byte of a multi byte instruction, which has not been completely fetched. In both the cases it gets incremented automatically one by one as the instruction bytes get fetched. Also Program register keeps the address of the next instruction.

Question: Which Stack is used in 8085?
Answer: LIFO (Last In First Out) stack is used in 8085.In this type of Stack the last stored information can be retrieved first.

Question: What are input & output devices?
Answer: Keyboards, Floppy disk are the examples of input devices. Printer, LED / LCD display, CRT Monitor are the examples of output devices.

Question: Julius and Vincent are brothers. "We are born within the same hour," says Julius, "on the same day of the same year." "But," says Vincent, "we are no twins!" How is this possible?
Answer: Julius and Vincent are part of a set of triplets, or quadruplets, or even more. .

Question: What is the difference between primary & secondary storage device?
Answer: In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc / Hard disk.

Question: In what way interrupts are classified in 8085?
Answer: In 8085 the interrupts are classified as Hardware and Software interrupts.

Have you ever seen a football game?

Or been a part of a football team?

These questions might seem awkward and absurd when talking about How to crack a Group Discussion to get into a top B-School.

But they are relevant to understand the nuances of a Group Discussion.

Just reiterating the clich? that a Group discussion, or GD, as it is commonly called, is a group process or a team building exercise does not help students.

As in a football game, where you play like a team, passing the ball to each team member and aim for a common goal, GD is also based on team work, incorporating views of different team members to reach a common goal.

A Group Discussion at a B-School can be defined as a formal discussion involving ten to 12 participants in a group.

They are given a topic. After some time, during which they collect their thoughts, the group is asked to discuss the topic for 20 to 25 minutes.

B-Schools use the GD process to assess a candidate's personality traits.

Here are some of the most important personality traits that a candidate should possess to do well at a GD:

1. Team Player

B-Schools lay great emphasis on this parameter because it is essential for managers to be team players.

The reason: Managers always work in teams.

At the beginning of his career, a manager works as a team member. And, later, as a team leader.

Management aspirants who lack team skills cannot be good managers.

2. Reasoning Ability

Reasoning ability plays an important role while expressing your opinions or ideas at a GD.

For example, an opinion like 'Reduction in IIMs' fees will affect quality' can be better stated by demonstrating your reasoning ability and completing the missing links between fees and quality as:

'Reduction in IIMs' fees will result in less funds being invested on study material, student exchange programmes, research, student development activities, etc.

'Moreover, it costs money to attract good faculty, create good infrastructure and upgrade technology.

'With reduction in fees, less money will be available to perform these ,activities which will lead to deterioration in the quality of IIMs.'

3. Leadership

There are three types of situations that can arise in a GD:

~ A GD where participants are unable to establish a proper rapport and do not speak much.
~ A GD where participants get emotionally charged and the GD gets chaotic.
~ A GD where participants discuss the topic assertively by touching on all its nuances and try to reach the objective.

Here, a leader would be someone who facilitates the third situation at a GD.

A leader would have the following qualities:

~S/he shows direction to the group whenever group moves away from the topic.
~S/he coordinates the effort of the different team members in the GD.
~S/he contributes to the GD at regular intervals with valuable insights.
~S/he also inspires and motivates team members to express their views.

Caution: Being a mere coordinator in a GD does not help, because it is a secondary role.

Contribute to the GD with your ideas and opinions, but also try and steer the conversation towards a goal.

4. Flexibility

You must be open to other ideas as well as to the evaluation of your ideas: That is what flexibility is all about.

But first, remember: Never ever start your GD with a stand or a conclusion.

Say the topic of a GD is, 'Should India go to war with Pakistan?'

Some participants tend to get emotionally attached to the topic and take a stand either in favour or against the topic, ie 'Yes, India should', or, 'No, India should not'.

By taking a stand, you have already given your decision without discussing the topic at hand or listening to the views of your team members.

Also, if you encounter an opposition with a very strong point at the 11th hour, you end up in a typical catch-22 situation:

~If you change your stand, you are seen as a fickle-minded or a whimsical person.
~If you do not change your stand, you are seen as an inflexible, stubborn and obstinate person.

5. Assertiveness

You must put forth your point to the group in a very emphatic, positive and confident manner.

Participants often confuse assertiveness with aggressiveness.

Aggressiveness is all about forcing your point on the other person, and can be a threat to the group. An aggressive person can also demonstrate negative body language, whereas an assertive person displays positive body language.

6. Initiative

A general trend amongst students is to start a GD and get the initial kitty of points earmarked for the initiator.

But that is a high risk-high return strategy.

Initiate a GD only if you are well versed with the topic. If you start and fail to contribute at regular intervals, it gives the impression that you started the GD just for the sake of the initial points.

Also, if you fumble, stammer or misquote facts, it may work against you.

Remember: You never ever get a second chance to create a first impression.

7. Creativity/ Out of the box thinking

An idea or a perspective which opens new horizons for discussion on the GD topic is always highly appreciated.

When you put across a new idea convincingly, such that it is discussed at length by the group, it can only be positive.

You will find yourself in the good books of the examiner.

8. Inspiring ability

A good group discussion should incorporate views of all the team members.

If some team members want to express their ideas but are not getting the opportunity to do so, giving them an opportunity to express their ideas or opinions will be seen as a positive trait.

Caution: If a participant is not willing to speak, you need not necessarily go out of the way to ask him to express his views. This may insult him and hamper the flow of the GD.

9. Listening

Always try and strike a proper balance between expressing your ideas and imbibing ideas.

10. Awareness

You must be well versed with both the micro and macro environment.

Your awareness about your environment helps a lot in your GD content, which carries maximum weightage.

Caution: The content or awareness generally constitutes 40 to 50 percent marks of your GD.

Apart from these qualities, communication skills, confidence and the ability to think on one's feet are also very important.

Discussion Skills

Why do we have discussions at University?
Reasons For Having a Discussion
It helps you to understand a subject more deeply.
It improves your ability to think critically.
It helps in solving a particular problem.
It helps the group to make a particular decision.
It gives you the chance to hear other students' ideas.
It improves your listening skills.
It increases your confidence in speaking.
It can change your attitudes. 
Strategies for Improving Discussion Skills for Tutorials & Seminars

Asking questions and joining in discussions are important skills for university study. If you find it difficult to speak or ask questions in tutorials, try the following strategies.

Observe

Attend as many seminars and tutorials as possible and notice what other students do. Ask yourself:
How do other students make critical comments?
How do they ask questions?
How do they disagree with or support arguments?
What special phrases do they use to show politeness even when they are voicing disagreement?
How do they signal to interrupt, ask a question or make a point?

Practise

Start practising your discussion skills in an informal setting or with a small group. Start with asking questions of fellow students. Ask them about the course material. Ask for their opinions. Ask for information or ask for help.

Participate

Take every opportunity to take part in social/informal discussions as well as more structured/formal discussion. Start by making small contributions to tutorial discussions; prepare a question to ask, or agree with another speaker's remarks.

 
Discussion Etiquette (or minding your manners)

Do
Speak pleasantly and politely to the group.
Respect the contribution of every speaker.
Remember that a discussion is not an argument. Learn to disagree politely.
Think about your contribution before you speak. How best can you answer the question/ contribute to the topic?
Try to stick to the discussion topic. Don't introduce irrelevant information.
Be aware of your body language when you are speaking.
Agree with and acknowledge what you find interesting.

Don't
Lose your temper. A discussion is not an argument.
Shout. Use a moderate tone and medium pitch.
Use too many gestures when you speak. Gestures like finger pointing and table thumping can appear aggressive.
Dominate the discussion. Confident speakers should allow quieter students a chance to contribute.
Draw too much on personal experience or anecdote. Although some tutors encourage students to reflect on their own experience, remember not to generalise too much.
Interrupt. Wait for a speaker to finish what they are saying before you speak. 
Leading a Discussion

You may be in a seminar group that requires you to lead a group discussion, or lead a discussion after an oral presentation. You can demonstrate leadership by:
introducing yourself and the members of the group
stating the purpose of the discussion
inviting quiet group members to speak
being objective
summarising the discussion
Group Discussions
Chairing a Group Discussion

When chairing a discussion group you must communicate in a positive way to assist the speakers in accomplishing their objective. There are at least four leadership skills you can use to influence other people positively and help your group achieve its purpose. These skills include:
introducing the topic and purpose of the discussion,
making sure all members have approximately the same time, (i.e. no one dominates the discussion by taking too much time)
thanking group members for their contribution
being objective in summarising the group's discussion and achievements. 
Introducing the Speakers and the Purpose of the Discussion

Introduce your Speakers and the topic of discussion. For example:

Hello, welcome to Oral Report. I am Geraldine Cheung and today I have with me [introduce the speakers] . . . We are going to discuss the issues raised over the above the ground cables required for cable TV. First I would like to ask Wayne to explain his company's position in the current controversy . . .

 
Further Reading

Ballard, B. & Clanchy, J., Study Abroad, Longman, 1984

Hollett et al., In at the Deep End, Oxford University Press, 1989.

Oxford Wallace, M., Study Skills in English, 1980. 1 May 2002.